One moment please...
^ABDOMINAL DISTENSION
=Increased abdominal girth,the result of increased intra-abdominal pressure. May indicate life-threatening peritonitis or acute bowel obstruction. May result from fat, flatus, a fetus, or fluid. May reflect acute bleeding, accumulation of ascitic fluid, or air from perforation, of an abdominal organ but could be benign from aerophagia, ingestion of fruits or vegetables with large quantities of unabsorbable carbohydrates, abnormal food fermentation by microbes.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Abdominal cancer
..Abdominal trauma
..Bladder distention
..Cirrhosis
..Gastric dilatation (acute)
..Heart failure
..Irritable bowel syndrome
..Large-bowel obstruction
..Mesenteric artery occlusion (acute)
..Nephrotic syndrome
..Ovarian cysts
..Paralytic ileus
..Peritonitis
..Small-bowel obstruction
..Toxic megacolon (acute)
@2002feb5 dxc
^ABDOMINAL MASS
=Localized swelling in one of the abdominal quadrants. Often develops insidiously from an enlarged organ, a neoplasm, an abscess, a vascular defect, or a fecal mass.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Abdominal aortic aneurysm
..Bladder distention
..Cholecystitis
..Cholelithiasis
..Colon cancer
..Crohn's disease
..Diverticulitis
..Gallbladder cancer
..Gastric cancer
..Hepatic cancer
..Hepatomegaly
..Hydronephrosis
..Ovarian cyst
..Pancreatic abscess
..Pancreatic pseudocysts
..Renal cell carcinoma
..Splenomegaly
..Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)
@2002feb5 dxc
^ABDOMINAL PAIN
=Mechanisms include stretching or tension of the gut wall, traction on the peritoneum or mesentery, vigorous intestinal contraction, inflammation, ischemia, and sensory nerve irritation. Usually from GI disorders, but it can be caused by reproductive, genitourinary (GU), musculoskeletal, and vascular disorders, as well as drug use and ingestion of toxins.Visceral pain develops slowly into a deep, dull, aching pain that is poorly localized. Parietal (e.g., peritoneal) pain produces a sharp, more intense, and well-localized discomfort that rapidly follows the insult and is aggrevated by movement or coughing. Pain may also be referred to the abdomen from another site with the same or similar nerve supply. This sharp, well-localized, referred pain is felt in skin or deeper tissues and may coexist with skin hyperesthesia and muscle hyperalgesia.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Labor
..General Peritonitis
..Acute Enterocolitis
..Irritable Colon (Mucous Colitis; Spastic Colon; Adaptive Colitis)
..Acute Appendicitis
..Bacillary Dysentery
..Amebic Dysentery
..Food Poisoning
..Acute Intestinal Obstruction (Incarcerated or Strangulated Hernia; Intraabdominal Adhesions; Gallstone Obstruction; Foreign Bodies; Volvulus, Small Bowel, Sigmoid, Cecum; Left-Sided Carcinoma of the Colon; Diverticular Abscess)
..Chronic Ulcerative Colitis
..Tuberculous Peritonitis
..Acute Occlusion of a Mesenteric Artery or Vein
..Abdominal aortic aneurysm, dissecting
..Abdominal cancer
..Abdominal trauma
..Adrenal crisis
..Appendicitis
..Cholecystitis
..Cholelithiasis
..Cirrhosis
..Crohn's disease
..Cystitis
..Diabetic ketoacidosis
..Diverticulitis
..Duodenal ulcer
..Ectopic pregnancy
..Endometriosis
..Gastric ulcer
..Gastritis
..Gastroenteritis
..Heart failure
..Hepatic abscess
..Hepatic amebiasis
..Hepatitis
..Herpes zoster
..Insect toxins
..Intestinal obstruction
..Irritable bowel syndrome
..Mesenteric artery ischemia
..Myocardial infarction
..Ovarian cyst
..Pancreatitis
..Pelvic inflammatory disease
..Perforated ulcer
..Peritonitis
..Pleurisy
..Pneumonia
..Pneumothorax
..Prostatitis
..Pyelonephritis (acute)
..Renal calculi
..Sickle cell crisis
..Splenic infarction
..Systemic lupus erythematosus
..Ulcerative colitis
..Uremia
-DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS(see ?Disease suggested by condition):
__In Child
...Abdominal pain(movement hurts): *?Appendicitis;*?Acute abdomen
...+overeating/unripe fruit: ?Indigestion
...+diarrhea/vomiting/constipation: ?from Cold;?from Sore throat
...+dysuria: ?Urinary infection
...(recurrent episodes): ?Recurrent stomach aches;?Recurrent headaches
...(unwell before): ?Indeterminate
__In Adult
...Abdominal pain(recurrent bouts):?Recurrent abdominal pain
...(severe pain)+vomiting/swollen or tender abdomen/severe constipation/temperature over 100.F:*?Intestinal obstruction;*?Appendicitis
...+diarrhea:?Food poisoning;?Gastitis
...(pain starts in small of back, moves to groin):?Kidney stones
...(pain starts in small of back, moves to groin)+temperature above 100.F:?Acute pyelonephritis
...(pain in lower abdomen)+heavy or unpleasant-smelling vaginal discharge:*?Pelvic infection
...+frequent or painful urination:?Cystitis
...(pain spreading from below right ribs):?Gallstones;?Cholecystitis
...(unilateral burning pain and skin feels tender at site):?Shingles
...(starting just before or during period):?Dysmenorrhea
...(follows bout of heavy drinking:?Gastritis
KEY:'*' means 'Emergency situation, seek medical help!';'?' means 'a possible diagnosis';'/' means 'and/or'
@2002may8 dxc
^RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIC PAIN
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Acute Cholecystitis with Cholelithiasis
..Chronic Cholecystitis with or without Cholelithiasis
..Acute Cholecystitis without Cholelithiasis
..Irritable Colon (Adaptive Colitis; Mucous Colitis)
..Diaphragmatic Pleurisy
..Subphrenic Abscess (Subdiaphragmatic Abscess)
..Carcinoma of the Liver (Primary or Metastatic)
..Abscess of the Liver (Tropical or Pyemic)
..Acute Appendicitis
..Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
..Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (Hanoi's Disease)
..Gumma of the Liver
..Chronic Lead Poisoning (Plumbism; Saturnism)
^ABDOMINAL REFLEXES ABSENT
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Multiple Sclerosis (Insular Sclerosis; Disseminated Sclerosis)
..Organic Hemiplegia
..Spinal Cord Arteriosclerosis
..Cerebral Tumor
^ABDOMINAL RETRACTION
(Scaphoid Abdomen)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..severe cachexias
..Lead Poisoning (Plumbism; Saturnism)
..Acute General Peritonitis
..Tuberculous Meningitis (Basilar Meningitis)
..Diaphragmatic Hernia
^ABDOMINAL RETRACTION ON INSPIRATION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Paralysis of the Diaphragm (Phrenic Nerve Paralysis)
..Laryngeal or Tracheal Stenosis
^ABDOMINAL RIGIDITY
(Abdominal muscle spasm;involuntary guarding)
=Abnormal muscle tension or inflexibility of the abdomen. Voluntary rigidity reflects the patient's fear of palpation. Involuntary rigidity reflects potentially life-threatening peritoneal irritation or inflammation, most commonly from GI disorders but also from pulmonary and vascular disorders and from the effects of insect toxins.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm
..Insect toxins
..Mesenteric artery ischemia
..Peritonitis
..Pneumonia
..Acute General Peritonitis
..Perforated Peptic Ulcer (Gastric or Duodenal)
..Acute Appendicitis
..Acute Salpingitis (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
..Acute Cholecystitis (with or without Cholelithiasis)
..Cholelithiasis (Biliary Colic)
..Acute Pancreatitis
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous Pneumonia)
..Contusion of the Abdominal Wall
..Rupture of an Abdominal Viscus
..Typhoid Fever
..Tabes Dorsalis
^ABDOMINAL SKIN AFFECTION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Syphilis
..Scabies (The Itch)
..Psoriasis
..Pityriasis Rosea
^ABDOMINAL SWELLING
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Pregnancy
..Obesity
..Ascites
..Tympanites (Meteorism; Gaseous Distention)
..Rickets (Rachitis)
..Achondroplasia (Chondrodystrophy)
..Intestinal Obstruction (Acute or Chronic)
..Retention of Urine (Distention of the Bladder)
..Visceroptosis
..Tuberculous Peritonitis
..Large Ovarian Cyst
..Splenomegaly (Large)
..Cretinism
..Dilatation of the Stomach
..Idiopathic Steatorrhea and Nontropical Sprue (Celiac Disease; Gee-Herter Disease; Gee-Thaysen Disease)
..Idiopathic Dilatation of the Colon (Hirschsprung's Disease; Congenital Dilatation of the Colon)
..Embryonal Adenosarcoma of the Kidney (Wilms's Tumor)
^ABDOMINAL TENDERNESS
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Acute General Peritonitis
..Toxic Gastritis
..Acute Intestinal Obstruction (Incarcerated or Strangulated Hernia; Intra abdominal Adhesions; Gallstone Obstruction; Foreign Bodies; Volvulus Small Bowel, Sig-moid, Cecum; Left-Sided Carcinoma of the Colon; Diverticular Abscess)
..Tuberculous Peritonitis
..Acute Enterocolitis
..Acute Pancreatitis
..Acute Perforation of Peptic Ulcer
^ABDOMINAL WALL SWELLING
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Abscess
..Inguinal Hernia
..Umbilical Hernia
..Ventral Hernia
..Epigastric Hernia
..Lipoma
..Fibroma (Desmoid)
..Granuloma of the Umbilicus
..Omphalitis
..Umbilical Cyst
..Cyst of the Vitello-intestinal Duct
..Secondary Malignant Neoplasms (Neoplastic Peritonitis)
^ABDOMINAL WALL VEIN ENLARGEMENT
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Intra-abdominal Malignancy
..Ascites
..Large Abdominal Tumor
..Cirrhosis of the Liver
..Thrombosis of the Inferior Vena Cava
..Mediastinal Tumor
^ABSENCE SEIZURE
(Petit mal seizure)
=Brief episode of unconsciousness during which muscles contractions take place in the limbs, and the patient apparently loses all willful movements.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Idiopathic epilepsy
@2003jul28 kui
^ACCESSORY MUSCLE USE
=Extra breathing effort recruits the accessory muscles (sternodeidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis major, trapezius, internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles) to stabilize the thorax and normally occurs singing, talking, coughing, defecating, and exercising. More pronounced use signals acute respiratory distress, diaphragmatic
weakness, or fatigue such as in chronic respiratory disease.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Adult respiratory distress syndrome
..Airway obstruction
..Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
..Asthma
..Chronic bronchitis
..Diffuse infiltrative (or fibrotic) lung disease
..Emphysema
..Pneumonia
..Pulmonary edema
..Pulmonary embolism
..Spinal cord injury
..Thoracic injury
-OTHER CAUSES
..Pulmonary function tests
..Incentive spirometry
..Intermittent positive-pressure breathing
@2002feb5 dxc
^ACUTE CONSTIPATION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..mental excitement, errors of diet,
..Acute Intestinal Obstruction in General
..Intestinal Bands and Adhesion
..Intussusception
..Strangulated Hernia
..Neoplastic Stricture
..Paralytic Ileus
..Volvulus
..Acute Appendicitus
..Lead Colic
..Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
^ACUTE DIARRHEA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Simple Acute Diarrhea (Acute Enterocolitis; Acute Infectious Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis, Afebrile)
..Acute Diarrhea in Infants
..Bacterial Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal, Streptococcal, Salmonella)
..Typhoid Fever
..Bacillary Dysentery
..Acute Amebic Dysentery
..Cholera Asiatica
..Acute Appendicitis
..Influenza
..Mercury Poisoning
^ACUTE VOMITING
(Acute Emesis, Including Nausea)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..acute infectious disease
..chemicals
..Acute Appendicitis
..Acute General Peritonitis
..Acute Gastritis (Acute Infectious Gastritis; Acute Suppurative Gastritis; Exogenous Gastritis; Acute Corrosive Gastritis)
..Acute Intestinal Obstruction (Intussusception; Stricture; Carcinoma; Volvulus; Bands; Strangulated Hernia; Ileus)
..Acute Enterocolitis (Acute Viral Enteritis; Acute Gastroenteritis)
..Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
..Nephrolithiasis (Renal Colic)
..Acute Cholecystitis
..Uremia
..Acute Alcoholism
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Digitalis Intolerance
..Acute Diffuse Glomerulonephritis
..Migraine
..Apoplexy (Cerebral Hemorrhage)
..Fracture of the Skull
..Food Poisoning
..Cerebral Concussion
..Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
..Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver
..Yellow Fever
^AGGRESSION
-OTHER CAUSES
..Sildenafil
..Mefloquine
^AGITATION
=A state of hyperarousal, increased tension, and irritability that can lead to confusion, hyperactivity, and overt hostility, resulting from various disorders, pain, fever, anxiety, drug use and withdrawal, and hypersensitivity reactions.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Affective disturbance
..Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
..Anxiety
..Chronic renal failure
..Dementia
..Drug withdrawal syndrome
..Hepatic encephalopathy
..Hypersensitivity reaction
..Hypoxemia
..Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
..Organic brain syndrome
..Post-head-trauma syndrome
..Vitamin B6 deficiency
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...Central nervous system stimulants especially appetite suppressants such as amphetamines
...Sympathomimetic drugs such as ephedrine; caffeine; and theophylline.
...Radiographic contrast media
..Mefloquine
..Pilocarpine
..Propafenone
..Lidocaine
..Metronidazole
..Dapsone
..Quinidine
..Bupropion
..Methysergide
..Interferon alfa
@2002feb5 dxc
^ALERTNESS
=Awake, aware of self and environment.
When spoken to in a normal voice,
patient looks at you and responds fully
and appropriately to stimuli.
^ALOPECIA
(Hair loss;baldness)
=Most often on the scalp. Scarring alopecia, or permanent hair loss, results from hair follicle destruction. Nonscarring alopecia, or temporary hair loss, re
sults from hair follicle damage that spares follicular openings.
Common cause of alopecia is chemotherapeutic drugs, also radiation therapy, skin, disorders, neoplasms, infections, burns, and the effects of toxins. Aging, genetic
predisposition, and hormonal changes may contribute to gradual hair thinning and hairline recession seen in adult men and in post-menopausal women.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Alopecia Areata
..fevers
..other severe systemic diseases, childbirth, or surgery,
..congenital condition.
..(senile alopecia)
..(idiopathic premature alopecia)
..trauma from hats or metal curlers.
..Pityriasis Simplex Capitis
..Secondary Syphilis.
..Cretinism (Infantile Myxedema).
..Myxedema.
..Chronic Arsenic Poisoning.
..Progeria.
..Alopecia areata
..Arsenic poisoning
..Arterial insufficiency
..Burns
..Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
..Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
..Exfoliative dermatitis
..Fungal infections
..Hodgkin's disease
..Hypopituitarism
..Hypothyroidism
..Lichen planus
..Lupus erythematosis
..Myotonic dystrophy
..Progressive systemic sclerosis or scleroderma
..Protein deficiency
..Sarcoidosis
..Seborrheic dermatitis
..Secondary syphilis
..Skin metastases
..Thallium poisoning
..Thyrotoxicosis
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...Chemotherapeutic agents, such as bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, fluorouracil, and methotrexate
...Other common drugs, such as oral contraceptives, colchicine, heparin, warfarin, excessive doses of vitamin A, trimethadione, indomethacin, methysergide, valproic acid, carbamazepine, gentamicin, allopurinol, lithium, beta-adrenergic blockers, and antithyroid drugs
..Radiation therapy.
@2002feb8 dxc
^AMENORRHEA
=Absence of menstrual flow, Primary if not starting before the age of 16 or Secondary if it begins at an appropriate age but later ceases for 3 or more months in the absence of normal physiologic causes, such as pregnancy, lactation, and menopause.
May result from: 1)congenital absence of the ovaries or uterus; 2) physical obstruction (imperforate hymen, cervical stenosis, intrauterine adhesions; or 3) anovulation (drug or hormonal treatments, hormonal imbalance, debilitating disease, stress or emotional disturbances, strenuous exercise, malnutrition, obesity).
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..double oophorectomy or hysterectomy and x-ray or radium therapy
..Acute febrile diseases
..Congenital Malformations
..Endocrine Dysfunction (Primary Pituitary Failure; Primary Ovarian Failure)
..Hyperinvolution of the Uterus
..Ectopic Pregnancy
..Adrenal tumor
..Adrenocortical hyperplasia
..Adrenocortical hypofunction
..Amenorrhea-lactation disorders
..Anorexia nervosa
..Congenital absence of the ovaries
..Congenital absence of the uterus
..Corpus luteum cysts
..Hypothalamic tumor
..Hypothyroidism
..Mosaicism
..Ovarian insensitivity to gonadotropins.
..Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
..Pituitary infarction
..Pituitary tumor
..Polycycstic ovary syndrome
..Pseudoamenorrhea
..Pseudecyesis
..Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
..Testicular feminization
..Thyrotoxicasis
..Turner's syndrome
..Uterine hypoplasia
@2002feb8 dxc
^AMNESIA
(memory loss)
=Disturbance in, or loss of, memory. Anterograde anesthesia denotes memory loss for events that occurred after the onset of the causative trauma or disease;
__Retrograde amnesia denotes memory loss for events that occurred before the onset.
__Organic (or true) amnesia results from temporal lobe dysfunction (seizures, head trauma, Alzheimer's), and characteristically spares patches of memory.
__Hysterical amnesia has a psychogenic origin and characteristically causes complete memory loss. Treatment-induced amnesia is usually transient.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..trauma, fever, delirium, toxic states, such as occur in many infectious diseases, cerebrovascular disease, drug administration, or brain tumors
..hysteria
..malingering
..Arteriosclerotic Dementia (Senile Dementia)
..Presenile Dementia (Alzheimer's Disease; Pick's Disease)
..Dementia Praecox
..General Paresis (General Paralysis of the Insane; Dementia Paralytica)
..Epilepsy
..Korsakoff's Syndrome
..Head Injury (Concussion, Fracture, etc.)
..Acute Alcoholism
..Alzheimer's disease
..Cerebral hypoxia
..Head trauma
..Herpes simplex encephalitis
..Hysteria
..Seizures
..Vertebrobasilar circulatory disorders
..Wernicke-Korsakaff syndrome
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...General anesthetics, especially fentanyl, halothane, and isoflurane; barbiturates, most commonly thiopental and pentobarbital; and certain benzodiazepines, (especially triazolam).
...Methyldopa
...Pilocarpine
__Electroconvulsive therapy
__Temporal lobe surgery
@2002feb8 dxc
^ANAL PRURITUS
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..a host of general or systemic conditions
..improper anal hygiene, discharge from neighboring parts, irritating substances locally applied, prolonged pressure,
fungous infections, infestations with pinworms, acute dermatitis, specific anal dermatoses
..prolapsed internal hemorrhoids
..psychogenic or functional designation.
..Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)
..Hemorrhoids
..Fungous Infection (Monilia, Epidermophyton, Trichophyton)
..Papillitis and Cryptitis
..Eczema Ani
..Ulcer of the Rectum
^ANALGESIA
=Absence of sensitivity to pain. It always occurs with loss of temperature sensation (thermanesthesia).It can also occur with other sensory deficits, such as paresthesia, loss of proprioception and vibratory sense, and tactile anesthesia.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Anterior cord syndrome
..Central cord syndrome
..Spinal cord hemisection
-OTHER CAUSES
..topical and local anesthetics
@2002feb8 dxc
^ANASARCA
(General Dropsy)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Chronic Glomerulonephritis and Subacute Glomerulonephritis (Blight's Disease)
..Acute Glomerulonephritis or Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Glomerulonephritis (Acute Bright's Disease)
..Latent Glomerulonephritis
..The Nephrotic Syndrome (Lipemic Nephrosis; Lipoid Nephrosis)
..Trichiniasis
^ANESTHESIA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Tabes Dorsalis
..Multiple Neuritis
..Transverse Myelitis (Infective, Traumatic, Syphilitic)
..Hysteria
..Nerve Trauma
..Fracture-Dislocation of the Spine
..Cerebral Tumor (Sensory Area)
..Syringomyelia (Spinal Gliosis)
..Brown-Sequard Paralysis (Hemisection of the Cord)
..Tumor of the Spinal Cord (Intramedullary)
..Tumor of the Spinal Cord (ExtrameduUary)
..Multiple Sclerosis (Disseminated Sclerosis; Insular Sclerosis)
..Herpes Zoster (Shingles; Zona)
^ANHIDROSIS
(SKIN DRYNESS)
=Abnormal deficiency of sweat. Generalized anhidrosis can lead to life-threatening impairment of thermoregulation.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Diabetes Mellitus
..Diabetes Insipidus
..Chronic Glomerulonephrids
..Atropine or Belladonna Action
..Cretinism
..Myxedema of Adults (Gull's Disease)
..Scurvy (Scorbutus)
..Anhidrotic asthenia (heatstroke
..Burns
..Cerebral lesions
..Horner's syndrome
..Miliaria crystallina
..Miliaria profunda
..Miliaria rubra (prickly heat
..Peripheral neuropathy
..Shy-Drager syndrome
..Spinal cord lesions
-OTHER CAUSES
..Anticholinergics (atropine, scopolamine
@2002feb8 dxc
^ANKLE CLONUS
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Spastic Paralysis
..Hemiplegia
..Multiple Sclerosis
..Cerebral Tumor
..Tumor of The Spinal Cord
^ANKLE PAIN
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Sprain of the Ankle
..Pott's Fracture
..Acute Rheumatic Fever
..Rheumatoid Arthritis
..Gonococcal Arthritis
..Tuberculosis of the Ankle Joint
..Fracture of the Astragalus
^ANOPERINEAL SWELLING
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Ischiorectal Abscess
..Anal Abscess
..Fistula in Ano
..Condylomata Lata
..Condylomata Acuminata (Venereal Warts; Papillomas)
..External Hemorrhoids
..Prolapsus Ani
..Urinary Infiltration (Periurethral Phlegmon; Gangrene)
^ANOREXIA
(Decreased Appetite)
=Lack of appetite in the presence of a physiologic need for food. Can result from anxiety, chronic pain, poor oral hygiene, hot weather or fever, and changes in taste or smell.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..acute febrile diseases and chronic infections
..debilitating and wasting diseases
..psychic disturbance
..Drugs
..Nutritional and endocrine deficiencies
..Neurosis (Including Anorexia Nervosa)
..Carcinoma of the Stomach
..Chronic Alcoholism
..Psychosis
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis
..Motion Sickness (Seasickness, Airsickness, Trainsickness, etc.)
..Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
..Adrenocortical hypofunction
..Alcoholism
..Anorexia nervosa
..Appendicitis
..Cancer
..Chronic renal failure
..Cirrhosis
..Crohn's disease
..Depressive syndrome
..Gastritis
..Hepatitis
..Hypopituitarism
..Hypothyroidism
..Ketoacidosis
..Pernicious
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...amphetamines, chemotherapeutic agents, sympathomimetics such as
ephedrine, and some antibiotics. Signals digitalis toxicity.
__Radiation therapy
__Total parenteral nutrition
@2002feb8 dxc
^ANOSMIA
(LOSS OF THE SENSE OF SMELL)
=Absence of the sense of smell, usally bilateral, usually accompanied by ageusia (loss of the sense of taste). Temporary anosmia results from irritation and swelling of the nasal mucosa (heavy smoking, rhinitis, or sinusitis). Permanent anosmia usually results when the olfactory neuroepithelium or any part of the olfactory nerve is destroyed. Permanent or temporary anosmia can also result from inhaling irritants, such as cocaine or acid fumes, that paralyze nasal cilia. Anosmia may also be reported by patients suffering from hysteria, depression, or schizophrenia.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Acute Rhinitis
..Acute Rhinitis of Infectious Diseases
..Nasal Obstruction
..Chronic Hyperplastic Rhinitis.
..Empyema of the Frontal Sinus
..Chronic Empyema of the Antrum
..Atrophic Rhinitis (Ozena)
..Chronic Purulent Ethmoiditis
..Cerebral Tumor
..Anterior cerebral artery occlusion
..Degenerative brain disease
..Diabetes mellitus
..Head trauma
..Lead poisoning
..Lethal midline granuloma
..Neoplasms (brain, nasal, or sinus
..Pernicious anemia
..Polyps
..Rhinitis
..Septal fracture
..Septal hematoma
..Sinusitis
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...Prolonged use of nasal decongestants (naphazoline)
...Reserpine, amphetamines, phenothiazines, and estrogen
__Radiation therapy
__Surgery
__Permanent tracheostomy, which disrupts nasal breathing
@2002feb8 dxc
^ANTERIOR FLANK/LUMBAR SWELLING
(Iliocostal Space, Right or Left)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Enlargement of the Kidney
..Nephroptosis (Movable, Displaced, or Floating Kidney)
..Carcinoma of the Colon
..Intussusception
^ANURIA
=Urine output of less than 75 ml daily, indicating either urinary tract obstruction or acute renal failure.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Acute tubular necrosis
..Cortical necrosis (bilateral
..Glomerulonephritis (acute
..Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
..Papillary necrosis (acute
..Renal artery occlusion (bilateral
..Renal vein occlusion (bilateral)
..Urinary tract obstruction
..Vasculitis
-OTHER CAUSES
__Diagnostic tests
...Contrast media used in radiographic studies
__Drugs
...Antibiotics, especially the aminoglycosides
...Anesthetic agents
...heavy metals
...ethyl alcohol
...organic solvents
...Adrenergic and anticholinergic drugs (nerves and muscles of micturition, producing urinary retention)
@2002feb8 dxc
^ANXIETY
=Nonspecific feeling of uneasiness or dread, a normal response to phyical and emotional stress. Mild anxiety may cause slight physical or psychological discomfort but severe anxiety may be incapacitating.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Adult respiratory distress syndrome
..Anaphylactic shock
..Angina pectoris
..Asthma
..Autonomic hyperreflexia
..Cardiogenic shock
..Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
..Conversion disorder
..Heart failure
..Hyperthyroidism
..Hyperventilation syndrome
..Hypochondriacal neurosis
..Hypoglycemia
..Mitral valve prolapse
..Mood disorder
..Myocardial infarction
..Obsessive-compulsive disorder
..Pheochromocytoma
..Phobias
..Pneumonia
..Pneumothorax
..Postconcussion syndrome
..Posttraumatic stress disorder
..Pulmonary edema
..Pulmonary embolism
..Rabies
..Somatoform disorder
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...sympathomimetics
...central nervous system stimulants
...antidepressants
...Baclofen
...Efavirenz
...Theophylline
...Bupropion
...Levodopa
...Vincristine
...Caffeine
...Zaleplon
...Dronabinol
...Hetoclopramide
...Vinblastine
...Lidocaine
...Mefloquine
...Methylphenidate
@2002feb8 dxc
^AORTIC MURMUR
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Aortic Regurgitation (Rheumatic or Syphilitic)
..Chronic Aortitis (Atheroma of the Aorta; Syphilitic Aortitis)
..Aneurysm of the Arch of the Aorta
..Dilatation of the Aorta (Dilatation Aneurysm)
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Acute or Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
..Aortic Stenosis
^AORTIC SECOND SOUND ACCENTUATION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..temporary vasomotor stimulation
..Essential Hypertension (Arterial Hypertension)
..Syphilitic Aortitis (Chronic Brights Disease)
..Subacute Glomerulonephritis
..Chronic Glomerulonephritis
..Aneurysm of the Arch of the Aorta
..Cardiac Hypertrophy
^AORTIC SECOND SOUND ENFEEBLEMENT
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..General vasomotor relaxation, peripheral circulatory failure or shock (causing lower blood pressure), profound anemia, and debilitating diseases
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Mitral Stenosis
..Mitral Regurgitation
..Aortic Stenosis
..Aortic Regurgitation
^APHASIA
(Dysphasia)
=Impaired expression or comprehension of written or spoken language. Classified as Broca's, Wernicke's, anomic, or global.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Alzheimer's disease
..Brain abscess
..Brain tumor
..Cerebrovascular accident
..Creutzfeldt-jakob disease
..Encephalitis
..Head trauma
..Transient ischemic attack
..Seizures
@2002feb8 dxc
^APHONIA/DYSPHONIA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Acute Simple Laryngitis
..Chronic Laryngitis
..Tuberculous Laryngitis
..Laryngeal Diptheria
..Acute Membranous Laryngitis
..Acute Subglottic Laryngitis
..Syphilitic Laryngitis
..Hysterical Aphonia
..Edema of the Glottis
..Aneurysm of the Arch of the Aorta
..Goiter
..Benign Tumor of the Larynx
..Foreign Body in the Larynx
..Carcinoma of the Larynx
..Chronix Simple Pharyngitis
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Acute Phlegmonous Laryngitis
..Bulbar Paralysis
^APICAL BEAT DIFFUSE
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Cardiac Hypertrophy
..Acute Rheumatic Carditis
..Fibroid Phthisis
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Neurocirculatory Asthenia (Effort Syndrome; Soldier's Heart)
^APICAL BEAT DISPLACED
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Cardiac Hypertrophy
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Pleurisy with Effusion (Including Empyema)
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Massive Pulmonary Atelectasis
..Chronic Adhesive Pleurisy
..Fibroid Phthisis
..Pulmonary Fibrosis (Cirrhosis of the Lung)
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Acute Pneumothorax
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Pericarditis with Effusion
..Chronic Adhesive Pericarditis
..Scoliosis. Characteristics
..Diaphragmatic Hernia
..Transposition of Viscera
^APICAL BEAT FEEBLE/ABSENT
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis (Chronic Cardiac Compression)
..Acute Myocardial Infarction
..Pleurisy with Effusion
..Pericarditis with Effusion
..Aortic Stenosis
^APICAL BEAT FORCIBLE
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Exercise and emotional excitement
..tobacco, coffee, tea, and alcohol
..Febrile diseases
..Cardiac Hypertrophy
..Exophthalmic Goiter (Graves' Disease)
..Fibroid Phthisis
..Pulmonary Fibrosis (Cirrhosis of the Lungs)
..Neurocirculatory Asthenia (Effort Syndrome; Soldier's Heart)
^APICAL FIRST SOUND ACCENTUATION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..nervous excitement
..acute febrile diseases
..Mitral Stenosis
..Cardiac Hypertrophy
^APICAL FIRST SOUND ENFEEBLEMENT
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Shock, severe anemia, collapse, and vagus paresis in general
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Mitral Regurgitation
..Myocardial Infarction
^APNEA
(Cheyne-Stokes, Biot's respirations)
=Cessation of spontaneous respiration. Occasionally temporary and self-limiting, more often, a life-threatening emergency. Common causes include trauma, cardiac arrest, neurologic disease, aspiration of foreign objects, bronchospasm, and drug overdose.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Airway obstruction
..Brain stem dysfunction
..Neuromuscular failure
..Parenchymal lung disease
..Pleural pressure gradient disruption
..Pulmonary capillary perfusion decrease
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...central nervous system (CNS) depressants (Benzodiazepines)
...Neuromuscular blocking agents (curariform drugs and anticholinesterase inhibitors)
__Sleep-related apneas
@2002feb8 dxc
^APNEUSTIC RESPIRATION
=Prolonged, gasping inspiration, with a pause at full inspiration, a sign of severe brain stem damage. Must be differentiated from bradypnea and hyperpnea (disturbances in rate and depth, but not in rhythm).
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Pontine lesions
@2002feb8 dxc
^APRAXIA
=Inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of significant weakness, sensory loss, poor coordination, or lack of comprehension or motivation. Classified as ideational, ideomotor, or kinetic. Facial and gait apraxia involve specific motor groups. Constructional apraxia refers to inability to copy simple
drawings.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Alzheimer's disease
..Brain abscess
..Brain tumor
..Cerebrovascular accident
..Hepatic encephalopathy
@2002feb8 dxc
^ARM EDEMA
=A condition characterized by excess interstitial fluid either unilaterally or bilaterally in the arm. Arm edema may be brought about by trauma, pre-existing vascular disorders, medicinal treatments or by foreign toxins. Treatment includes elevation of the arm and exercise.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Angioneurotic edema
..Arm trauma
..Burns
..Envenomation
..Superior vena cava syndrome
..Thrombophlebitis
@2003jun01 kui
^ARM PAIN
=Usually results from musculoskeletal disorders, but may stem from
neurovascular or cardiovascular disorders or may be referred pain from another
area.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Angina
..Biceps rupture
..Cellulitis
..Cervical nerve root compression
..Compartment syndrome
..Fractures
..Muscle contusion
..Muscle strain
..Myocardial infarction
..Neoplasms of the arm
..Osteomyelitis
@2002feb8 dxc
^ASCITES
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Cirrhosis of the Liver (Alcoholic or Portal Cirrhosis)
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Chronic Glomerulonephritis (Chronic Bright's Disease)
..The Nephrotic Syndrome (in Chronic Glomerulonephritis, see above; Lipoid Nphrosis; Amyloid Disease of the Kidney; Syphilitic Nephritis; Thrombosis of the Renal Vein; Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus; Intercapillary Glomeruloscleroa
(Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome); Multiple Myeloma; Radiation Nephritis)
..Tuberculous Peritonitis
..Acute General Peritonitis
..Chronic Peritonitis
..Carcinomatous (Neoplastic)
..Obstruction of the Portal Vein (by Enlarged Lymph Nodes)
..Carcinoma of the Liver
..Ovarian Tumor or Cyst
..Splenic Anemia (Chronic Congestive Splenomegaly; Banti's Syndrome)
..Syphilis of the Liver
..Portal Thrombosis (Adhesive Pylephlebitis)
..Chronic Myeloid Lcukemia
..Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis (Chronic Cardiac Compression; Pericarditi Pseudocirrhosis of the Liver; Pick's Syndrome; Improperly Called Adhesive Peri carditis)
..Polyorrhymenitis (Polyserositis; Concato's Disease)
^ASTERIXIS
(Liver flap;Flapping tremor)
=Bilateral, coarse movement, characterized by sudden relaxation of muscle groups holding a sustained posture.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hepatic encephalopathy
..Severe respiratory insufficiency
..Uremic syndrome
-OTHER CAUSES
..phenytoin
@2002feb8 dxc
^ATAXIA
=Incoordination and irregularity of voluntary, purposeful movements. Cerebellar ataxia causes gait, trunk, limb, and possibly speech disorders. Sensory ataxia results from impaired proprioception, causing gait disorders. Acute ataxia may result from cerebrovascular accident (CVA), hemorrhage, tumor, drug toxicity or poisoning.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Cerebellar abscess
..Cerebellar hemorrhage
..Cerebrovascular accident (CVA
..Cranial trauma
..Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
..Diabetic neuropathy
..Diphtheria
..Encephalomyelitis
..Friedreich's ataxia
..Guillain-Barre syndrome
..Hepatocerebral degeneration
..Hyperthermia
..Metastatic cancer
..Multiple sclerosis
..OliVopontocerebellar atrophy
..Poisoning
..Polyarteritis nodosa
..Polyneuropathy
..Porphyria
..Posterior fossa tumor
..Spinocerebellar ataxia
..Syringomyelia
..Wernicke's disease
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...anticonvulsants (phenytoin)
...anticholinergics
...tricyclic antidepressants
...Aminoglutethimide
@2002feb8 dxc
(Incoordination)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Tabes Dorsalis (Locomotor Ataxia)
..Friedrich's Ataxia (Hereditary Ataxia)
..Multiple Sclerosis
..Acute Alcoholism
..Hemiplegia
..Pernicious Anemia
..Multiple Neuritis
..General Paresis
..Cerebellar Tumor
..Hysteria
^ATHETOSIS
=Slow, continuous, and twisting involuntary movements, typically involving the face, neck, and distal extremities, such as the forearm, wrist, and hand. Worsens during stress and voluntary activity, may subside during relaxation, and disappear during sleep. Commonly a lifelong affliction begining in childhood, resulting from hypoxia at birth, kernicterus, or a genetic disorder. An extrapyramidal sign.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Brain tumor
..Calcification of the basal ganglia
..Cerebral infarction
..Hepatic encephalopathy
..Huntington's disease
..Wilson's disease
-OTHER CAUSES
..Levodopa and phenytoin
..Phenothiazines and other antipsychotics.
..Piperazine derivatives, such as acetophenazine and prochlorperazine
..Aliphatic phenothiazines, such as chlorpromazine and triflupromazine
..haloperidol, thiothixene, and loxapine
@2002feb8 dxc
(Mobile Spasm)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Infantile Diplegia (Little's Disease and Cerebral Diplegia)
..Posthemiplegic Athetosis (Adult and Infantile)
CHOREA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Sydenham's Chorea (St. Vitus' Dance; Chorea Minor)
..Huntington's Chorea (Chronic Progressive Chorea; Adult Hereditary Chorea- Degenerative Chorea)
^ATRIAL GALLOP
(S-4)
=An abnormal arrhythmia in which a low-pitched sound is heard when the bell of a stethoscope is pressed against the cardiac APICAL. The sound is produced usually upon contraction of the left atria, but in some cases it is produced from contraction of the right atria. Often observed in patients with heart disease or hypertension. It is rarely heard in normal hearts but may develop in the elderly, pregnant women and those with physiological hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Anemia
..Angina
..Aortic insufficiency (acute)
..Aortic stenosis
..Atrioventricular (AV) block
..Cardiomyopathy
..Hypertension
..Mitral insufficiency
..Myocardial infarction (MI)
..Pulmonary embolism
..Thyrotoxicosis
@2003jun12 kui
^AURA
=Sensation heralding the approach of a seizure or migraine headache, typically developing over 10-30 minutes, sometimes with diagnostically useful characteristics, and poorly remembered postictally.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Classic migraine headache
..Seizure, generalized tonic-clonic
@2002feb8 dxc
^AXILLARY SKIN AFFECTION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Intertrigo (Chafing)
..Eczema
..Scabies. (The Itch)
..Tinea Circinata (Ringworm)
..Acanthosis Nigricans
..Hidradenitis Axillaris
^AXILLARY SWELLING
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Enlarged Lymph Nodes of the Axilla
..Acute Abscess
..Tuberculous Abscess (Chronic Abscess)
..Sebaceous Cyst
..Lipoma
..Aneurysm of the Axillary Artery
^BABINSKI'S REFLEX
(Extensor plantar reflex;BABINSKI'S SIGN)
=Firmly stroking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot with a blunt object causes dorsiflexion of the great toe with extension and fanning of the other toes. It is generally an abnormal reflex indicating corticospinal damage but is normal in in infants up to 2 years.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
..Brain tumor
..Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
..Familial spastic paraparesis
..Friedreich's ataxia
..Head trauma
..Hepatic encephalopathy
..Meningitis
..Multiple sclerosis (MS)
..Pernicious anemia
..Rabies
..Spinal cord injury
..Spinal cord tumor
..Spinal paralytic poliomyelitis
..Spinal tuberculosis
..Syringomyelia
..Hemiplegia
..Spastic Paraplegia
@2002feb9 dxc
^BACK MUSCLE SPASM/STIFFNESS/RIGIDITY
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Fibrositis (Acute Lumbago; Acute Lumbar Myositis)
..Rheumatoid Spondylitis
..Sprain
..Cerebrospinal Meningitis
..Tuberculosis of the Spine (Spinal Caries; Pott's Disease)
..Paralysis Agitans
..Parkinsonian Syndrome of Epidemic Encephalitis
..Lumbosacral Disease (Strain, Sprain, or Subluxation)
..Tetanus
..Gonococcal Arthritis (Spinal
..Aneurysm of the Descending Thoracic Aorta
^BACK PAIN
=A very common complaint, with many causes, presentations, and exacerbating factors.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Abdominal aortic aneurysm (dissecting
..Ankylosing spondylitis
..Appendicitis
..Cholecystitis
..Chordoma
..Endometriosis
..Intervertebral disk rupture
..Lumbosacral sprain
..Metastatic tumors
..Myeloma
..Pancreatitis (acute)
..Perforated ulcer
..Prostate cancer
..Pyelonephritis (acute)
..Reiter's syndrome
..Renal calculi
..Sacroiliac strain
..Spinal neoplasm (benign)
..Spinal stenosis
..Spondylolisthesis
..Transverse process fracture
..Vertebral compression fracture
..Vertebral osteomyelitis
..Vertebral osteoporosis
-OTHER CAUSES
..Neurologic tests (Lumbar puncture, myelography)
@2002feb9 dxc
^BACK PAIN OF MUSCULOSKELETAL ORIGIN
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Postural Defect
..Osteoarthritis of the Spine
..Acute Fibrositis
..Muscle Strain
..Fractures of the Vertebrae
..Infectious Disease
..Ruptured Intervertebral
..Congenital Spondylosis and Spondylolisthesis
..Osteoporosis (Senile, Postmenopausal, Metabolic)
..Rheumatoid Spondylitis (Ankylosing Spondylitis; Marie-Strumpell Spondylitis-Bechterew's Disease; Spondylitis Adolescens).
..Neoplasm of the Vertebrae
..Tuberculosis of the Spine (Pott's Disease)
^BACK PAIN OF NEUROGENIC ORIGIN
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Ruptured Intervertebral Disk
..Tumors of the spinal cord or cauda Equina
..Herpes Zoster
..Neuritis (Disorders of the Formed Spinal Nerves)
^BACK PAIN OF PSYCHOGENIC ORIGIN
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Psychosomatic Backache
..Post-traumatic Neurosis
..Hysteria
..Malingering
^BACK PAIN OF VISCERAL ORIGIN
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Peptic Ulcer
..Carcinoma of the Pancreas
..Aneurysm of the Descending Thoracic Aorta
..Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta.
..Retroperitoneal Mass (Lymphosarcoma; Hodgkin's Disease; Carcinomatosis; Lymphadenopathy; Aneurysm of the Abdominal Aorta; Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage)
..Acute Pancreatitis
..Renal Infection (Pyelitis, Pyelonephritis, and Pyonephrosis)
..Disease of the Colon or Rectum (Cancer, Fecal Impaction, Obstruction, Ulcer)
^THORACIC BACK PAIN
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Fracture of the Spine
..Osteoporosis
..Tuberculosis of the Spine (Pott's Disease)
..Neoplasm (Including Metastatic Carcinoma, Primary Sarcoma, Multiple Myeloma, Hodgkin's Disease, Lymphosarcoma).
..Vertebral Epiphysitis (Scheuermann's Disease; Adolescent Kyphosis)
..Rib Facet Syndrome (Displaced Rib Syndrome)
..Tumor of the Spinal Cord
..Herpes Zoster
..Neuritis (Disorders of the Formed Spinal Nerves)
..Disease of the Lungs and Pleura (Including Pneumonia, Pleurisy, Embolism Infarction)
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Peptic Ulcer
..Aneurysm of the Descending Thoracic Aorta
..Carcinoma of the Pancreas
..Disease of the Esophagus (Esophagitis, Peptic Ulcer, Cardiospasm, Carcinoma)
^BARKING COUGH
In children with small diameter airways, indicates edema of the larynx and surrounding tissue, associated with croup syndrome. The edema can rapidly lead to airway occlusion- a life-threatening emergency.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Aspiration of foreign body
..Epiglottitis
..Laryngotracheobronchitis (acute
..Spasmodic croup
@2003apr12 dxc
^BARREL CHEST
=Rounded configuration of the chest with the sternum pushed forward, making the chest appear continuously in the inspiratory position.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Asthma
..Chronic bronchitis
..chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
..Emphysema and clubbing.
@2002feb9 dxc
^BATTLE'S SIGN
=Ecchymosis over the mastoid process of the temporal bone resulting from seepage of blood from the site of a basilar skull fracture, usually developing a day or so after the fracture and persisting up to several weeks.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Basilar skull fracture
@2002feb9 dxc
^BIOT'S RESPIRATION
(Ataxic respiration)
=A rare breathing pattern, characterized by irregular and unpredictable rate, rhythm, and depth of respiration, appearing abruptly and probably from brain stem compression. Rarely seen in children.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Brain stem compression
@2002feb9 dxc
^BIRTH WEIGHT LOW
=Infants whom at birth weigh less than 6 pounds. The infant is either born prematurely, and weighs an appropriate weight for their gestational age or are carried full term and are small for their gestational age. Low birth weight babies are associated with higher infant morbidity and mortality.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Chromosomal aberrations
..Cytomegalovirus infection
..Placental dysfunction
..Rubella
..Toxoplasmosis
..Varicella
@2003jul6 kui
^BIZARRE GAIT
(Hysterical gait)
=An inconsistent gait lacking an organic cause that is produced unconsciously in patients with hysterical neurosis, and consciously in malingerers.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Conversion disorder
..Malingering
..Somatization disorder
@2003jun11 kui
^BLADDER DISTENSION
=Abnormal enlargement of the bladder from inability to excrete urine, due to mechanical obstruction, neuromuscular disorders, or use of certain drugs. Acute distention produces suprapubic fullness, pressure, and pain.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Benign prostatic hyperplasia
..Bladder calculi
..Bladder cancer
..Multiple sclerosis
..Prostate cancer
..Prostatitis
..Spinal neoplasms
..Urethral calculi
..Urethral stricture
-OTHER CAUSES
__Catheterization
...indwelling urinary catheter with kinked tubing or an occluded lumen
...irritation with catheter removal, causing edema and blocking urine outflow
__Drugs (Parasympatholytics, anticholinergics, ganglionic blockers, sedatives, anesthetics, and opiates)
@2002feb9 dxc
^BLINDNESS
(Amaurosis)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Penetrating Wound of the Orbit
..Fracture of the Orbit
..Purulent Iridocycitis
..Ophtlialmia Neonatorum (Infantile Purulent Conjunctivitis).
..Suppurative Iridochoroiditis
..Panophthalmitis (Purulent Uveitis)
..Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
..Acute Glaucoma
..Chronic Inflammatory Glaucoma
..Simple Glaucoma
..Cataract
..Retinitis
..Optic Atrophy
..Chronic Retrobulbar Neuritis. (Toxic Amblyopia).
..Acute Toxic Encephalopathy
..Uremia
..Hemorrhage
..Malignant Malaria
..Wood Alcohol Poisoning (Methyl Alcohol Amaurosis)
..Quinine Poisoning (Quinine Amaurosis)
..Hysterical Amaurosis
..Diabetes Mellitus
..Malingering (Pretended Amblyopia)
..Cerebral Tumor
..Amaurotic Family Idiocy
^BLOOD PRESSURE DIFFERING ON THE TWO SIDES
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Aneurysm of the Arch of the Aorta
^BOIL
(PHLEGMON)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Diabetes Mellitus
..Typhoid Fever
..Variola
^BONE BRITTLENESS
(Spontaneous Fractures; Pathologic Fractures)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Osteoporosis
..Metastatic Osteolytic Carcinoma
..Osteogenic Sarcoma
..Rickets (Rachitis)
..Osteomalacia
..Tabes Dorsalis (Locomotor Ataxia)
..General Paresis
..Fragilitas Ossium (Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Voriik's Disease; Osteopsathyrosis Congenita; Osteopsathyrosis; Lobstein's Disease; Osteopsathyrosis Tarda; Brittle Bones and Blue Scleras; Spurywag's Disease)
^BONY CREPITATION
(Bony crepitus)
=Palpable vibration or audible crunching sound from one bone grating against another.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Fracture
..Osteoarthritis
..Rheumatoid arthritis
@2003apr13 dxc
^BOWEL SOUNDS ABSENT
(Silent abdomen)
=Inability to hear any bowel sounds through a stethoscope after persistent listening. Due to cessation of peritalsis from mechanical or vascular obstruction or neurogenic inhibition. May presage perforation, peritonitis, sepsis, hypovolemic shock, loss of fluids and electrolytes, dehydration, ischemia, necrosis, or shock.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Complete mechanical intestinal obstruction
..Mesenteric artery occlusion
..Paralytic (adynamic) ileus.
-OTHER CAUSES
..Abdominal surgery
@2002feb9 dxc
^BOWEL SOUNDS HYPERACTIVE
=Reflecting increased intestinal motility (peristalsis) and sometimes audible without a stethoscope. Commonly characterized as rapid, rushing, gurgling.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Crohn's disease
..Food hypersensitivity
..Gastroenteritis
..GI hemorrhage
..Mechanical intestinal obstruction
..Ulcerative colitis (acute
@2002feb9 dxc
^BOWEL SOUNDS HYPOACTIVE
=Diminished in regularity, tone, and loudness from normal bowel
sounds. Normal during sleep. May portend absent bowel sounds.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Mechanical intestinal obstruction
..Mesenteric artery occlusion
..Paralytic (adynamic) ileus
-OTHER CAUSES
__Drugs
...opiates (codeine)
...anticholinergics (propantheline bromide)
...phenothiazines (chlorpromazine)
...vinca alkaloids (vincristine)
...General or spinal anesthetics
__Radiation therapy (abdomen)
__surgery (manipulation of the bowel) (resume in days)
@2002feb16 dxc
^BRADYCARDIA
(Slow Heart)
=Less than 60 beats/min. Normal in young adults, trained athletes, elderly people, during sleep, during coughing, vomiting, or straining during
defecation (vagal stimulation). A nonspecific sign but in conjunction with such symptoms as chest pain can signal a life-threatening disorder.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Cerebrospinal Leptomeningitis (Epidemic Cerebrospinal Fever; Tuberculous Meningitis; Pneumococcal Meningitis; Pyogenic Meningitis; Leptomeningitis Secondary to Infectious Disease)
..Cerebral Compression (Meningeal Hemorrhage; Depressed Fracture)
..Cerebral Tumor
..Cerebral Abscess
..Apoplexy (Cerebral Hemorrhage)
..Pachymeningitis Haemorrhagica (Cerebral Form; Hematoma of the Dura Mater).
..Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease (Coronary Heart Disease)
..Uremia
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Myxedema (Larval Myxedema; Hypothyroidism)
..Aortic Stenosis
..Cardiac arrhythmia
..Cardiomyopathy
..Cervical spinal injury
..Hypothermia
..Hypothyroidism
..Increased intracranial pressure
..Myocardial infarction (MI)
-OTHER CAUSES
__Diagnostic tests (Cardiac catheterization, electrophysiologic studies)
__Drugs
...Beta-adrenergics
...some calcium channel blockers
...cardiac glycosides
...topical miotics (pilocarpine)
...protamine sulfate
...quinidine and other antiarrhythmics, and sympatholytics
...Failure to take thyroid replacements
..Digitalis Effect
..Quinidine Effect
..Opium Poisoning
__Invasive treatments (Suctioning,Cardiac surgery)
@2002feb16 dxc
^BRADYPNEA
=Fewer than 12 breaths/minute. Results from neurologic and metabolic disorders and drug overdose, often preceding life-threatening apnea or respiratory arrest,
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Diabetic ketoacidosis
..Hepatic failure
..Increased intracranial pressure
..Renal failure
..Respiratory failure
-OTHER CAUSES
..narcotic analgesics
..sedatives (barbiturates, phenothiazines),
..drugs with alcohol
@2002feb16 dxc
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Cerebral Concussion
..Cerebral Compression (From Any Cause)
..Diabetes Mellitus
..Uremia
..Acute Alcoholism
..Opium Poisoning
..Meningitis
..Tuberculous Adenitis (Tracheobronchial)
^BREAST DIMPLING
=Puckering or retraction of skin from abnormal attachment to underlying tissue. Usually a late sign of breast cancer, suggesting inflammatory or malignant mass. In women over age 40, occasionally in men.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Breast abscess
..Breast cancer
..Fat necrosis
..Mastitis
@2002feb16 dxc
^BREAST NODULE
(Breast lump)
=Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts, hypertrophy or tumor formation in the ductal system, and inflammation or infection. Less than 20% of breast nodules are malignant. Monthly breast self-examination can detect a nodule 5 mm in size.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Adenofibroma
..Areolar gland abscess
..Breast abscess
..Breast cancer
..Fibrocystic breast disease
..Intraductal papilloma
..Mammary duct ectasia
..Mastitis
..Nipple adenoma
..Paget's disease
@2002feb19 dxc
^BREAST PAIN
(Mastalgia)
=Commonly results from benign breast disease (surface lesions,nipple fissures, inflammation in the papillary ducts and areolae, stromal distention in the breast parenchyma, a tumor, or inflammatory lesions). May radiate to the back, arms, neck.
May occur before menstruation and during pregnancy.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Areolar gland abscess
..Breast abscess (acute
..Breast cyst
..Fat necrosis
..Fibrocystic breast disease
..Intraductal papilloma
..Mammary duct ectasia
..Mastitis
..Sebaceous cyst (infrcted)
..Pregnancy
..Menstruation
..Therapy with estrogen
..Trauma
..Mastodynia (Neuralgia of the Breast)
..Acute Mastitis
..Abscess of the Breast
..Chronic Cystic Mastitis (Cystic Disease of the Breast; Schimmelbusch's Disease; Chronic Interstitial Mastitis).
..Carcinoma of the Breast
..Cracked Nipple (Mammilitis)
..Caked Breast (Mammary Engorgement)
@2002feb19 dxc
..Hysteria
^BREAST SWELLING
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..pregnancy and lactation
..Acute Mastitis
..Abscess of the Breast
..Cysts of the Breast
..Chronic Cystic Mastitis (Cystic Disease of the Breast; Schimmelbusch's Disease; Chronic Interstitial Mastitis).
..Benign Tumor of the Breast (Fibroadenoma; Cystadenoma)
..Malignant Tumor of the Breast (Carcinoma; Sarcoma)
..Diffuse Hypertrophy of the Breast
^BREAST ULCER
=Destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Usually a late sign of cancer but can also result from trauma,infection, or radiation.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Breast cancer
..Breast trauma
..Candida albicans infection
..Paget's disease
-OTHER CAUSES
..Radiation therapy
@2002feb19 dxc
^BREATH ODOR AMMONIACAL
=Urinous or 'fishy' breath typically occurs in end-stage chronic renal failure. Improves slightly after hemodialysis.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..End-stage chronic renal failure
@2002feb19 dxc
^BREATH ODOR FECAL
=Associated with along-standing intestinal obstruction or gastrojejunocolic fistula. Obstructed or adynamic intestine regurgitates its contents backward into the stomach which when full results in vomiting. May also occur in patients with a nasogastric or intestinal tube.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Distal small-bowel obstruction
..Gastrojejunocolic flstula
..Large-bowel obstruction
@2002feb19 dxc
^BREATH ODOR FOUL
(Fetor Oris; Halitosis)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Pyorrhea Alveolaris (Riggs' Disease)
..Chronic Follicular Tonsilitis
..Adenoids
..Caries of the Teeth
..Atrophic Rhinitis (Ozena)
..Stomatitis
..Dyspepsia
..hepatic Insufficiency
..sordes
..Acute Alcoholism
..Uremia
..Diabetes Mellitus
..Phosphorus Poisoning
..Mercurial Stomatitis
^BREATH ODOR FRUITY
=From respiratory elimination of excess acetone in ketoacidosis resulting from excessive catabolism of fats for cellular energy in the absence of usable carbohydrates as in diabetes mellitus, or when glucose is unavailable and hepatic glycogen stores are depleted.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Anorexia nervosa
..Ketoacidosis
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs Any drug causing metabolic acidosis (nitroprusside)
..Fad diets Especially those with little carbohydrate intake
@2002feb19 dxc
^BREATH SOUNDS WEAK/ABSENT
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Pleurisy with Effusion
..Empyema (Purulent Pleurisy)
..Hydrothorax
..Acute Pneumothorax
..Pulmonary Edema
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous Pneumonia)
..Atelectasis (Pulmonary Collapse)
..Bronchial Stenosis
..Foreign Body in the Air Passages
..Chronic Adhesive Pleurisy
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Carcinoma of the Lungs or Pleura
^BREATHING BRONCHIAL
(Tubular Breathing)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous Pneumonia)
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Bronchopneumonia
..Pleurisy with Effusion
..Empyema (Purulent Pleurisy)
..Pulmonary Infarction (Pulmonary Embolism; Pulmonary Thrombosis)
..Atelectasis (From Effusion, Neoplasm, Aneurysm, or Bronchial Stenosis)
..Acute Pneumonic Tuberculosis (Lobar Form)
..Acute Tuberculous Bronchopneumonia (Galloping Consumption)
..Pericarditis with Effusion
..Fibroid Phthisis
..Pulmonary Fibrosis (Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia; Cirrhosis of the Lung)
..Carcinoma of the Lung
^BREATHING CAVERNOUS/AMPHORIC
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Bronchiectasis (Dilatation of the Bronchi)
..Abscess of the Lung
^BREATHING PUERILE/EXAGGERATED
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Dyspnea
..Compensatory Emphysema
^BRONCHOPHONY
(Increased Vocal Resonance)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous Pneumonia)
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Pulmonary Infarction (Pulmonary Embolism; Pulmonary Thrombosis)
..Bronchiectasis (Dilatation of the Bronchi)
..Acute Pneumonic Phthisis (Lobar Form)
..Acute Tuberculous Bronchopneumonia (Galloping Consumption)
..Fibroid Phthisis
..Pulmonary Fibrosis (Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia; Cirrhosis of the Lung)
..Pleurisy with Effusion
..Bronchopneumonia
..Tuberculous Adenitis (Tracheobronchial)
^BRUDZINSKI'S SIGN
=Flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of the neck indicating meningeal irritation. A common and important early indicator of meningitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Arthritis
..Meningitis
..Subarachnoid hemorrhage
@2002feb19 dxc
^BRUIT
=Swishing sound caused by turbulent blood flow. Characterized by location, duration, intensity, pitch, and time of onset in the cardiac cycle. Significant when heard over the abdominal aorta, arteries (renal, carotid, femoral, popliteal, subclavian), and thyroid gland. Significant when heard consistently despite changes in patient position and during diastole.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Abdominal aortic aneurysm
..Abdominal aortic atherosclerosis
..Anemia
..Carotid artery stenosis
..Carotid cavernous fistula
..Peripheral arteriovenousfistula
..Peripheral vascular disease
..Renal artery stenosis
..Subclavian steal syndrome
..Thyrotoxicosis
@2002feb19 dxc
^BUFFALO HUMP
=Accumulation of cervicodorsal fat, indicating hypercortisolism (adrenal carcinoma, adrenal adenoma, ectopic corticotropin production, excessive pituitary secretion of corticotropin ,long-term glucocorticoid therapy)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hypercortisolism
..Morbid obesity
-OTHER CAUSES
..glucocorticoids (cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone)
@2002feb19 dxc
^BULLA
(Large Blisters; Blebs)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Erysipelas
..Pemphigus (Pemphigus Malignus; Pemphigus Vulgaris-Acute and Chronic; Pemphigus Foliaceus; Pemphigus Vegetans; and Pemphigus Erythematosus)
..Hereditary Syphilis (Syphilitic Pemphigus)
..Impetigo Contagiosa
..Drug Effect
^BUTTERFLY RASH
=Appearing in malar distribution across nose and cheeks (also neck, scalp)is often a sign of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but also dermatologic disorders. Sometimes mistaken for sunburn because of photosensitivity but it has more substance and is more sharply demarcated, and has a thicker feel.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Discoid lupus erythematosus
..Polymorphous light eruption
..Rosacea
..Seborrheic dermatitis
..Systemic lupus erythematosus
OTHER CAUSES
..Hydralazine
..procainamide
@2002feb19 dxc
^BUTTOCK SKIN AFFECTION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Furuncle (Boil)
..Syphilis
..Scabies (The Itch)
^CACHEXIA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Malignancy
..Senility
..Chronic Uremia
..Narcotic Addiction
..Syphilis
..Cachexia Strumipriva (Operative Myxedema)
..Malaria
..Ankylostomiasis (Hookworm Disease)
^CAFE AU LAIT SPOT
=Flat, light brown, uniformly hyperpigmented macules or patches (larger than freckles and more irregular in shape) usually appearing at birth or during early infancy. Usually have no significance but if numerous, may be associated with a neurologic disorder.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Albright's syndrome
..Neurofibromatosis
..Tuberous sclerosis
^CAPILLARY REFILL TIME INCREASED
Time required for color to return to the nail bed after blanching from slight pressure (normally less than 3 seconds), reflecting the quality of peripheral vasomotor function (obstructive peripheral arterial disease, decreased cardiac output).
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Aortic aneurysm (dissecting)
..Aortic arch syndrome
..Aortic bifurcation occlusion (acute)
..Arterial occlusion (acute)
..Buerger's disease
..Cardiac tamponade
..Hypothermia ..Peripheral arterial trauma
..Raynaud's disease
..Shock
..Volkmann's contracture
-OTHER CAUSES
..Diagnostic tests
..Drugs(particularly alpha-adrenergics)
..Treatments(arterial, umbilical line;improperly fitting cast)
@2003apr12 dxc
^CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hypertensive and Arteriosclerotic Forms of Heart Disease
..Chronic Endocarditis (Valvular Disease)
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Acute Rheumatic Carditis
..Digitalis Effect
..Psychoneurosis (Tension State, etc.)
..Thyrotoxicosis (Hyperthyroidism)
..Sinus Arrhythmia
..Premature Systoles (Premature Contractions; Extrasystoles; Ectopic Beats)
..Paroxysmal Tachycardia
..Auricular Fibrillation
..Auricular Flutter
..Pulsus Alternans
..Atrioventricular Heart Block (Auriculoventricular Heart Block)
..Paroxysmal Ventricular Tachycardia
..Sino-auricular Block
^CARDIAC DULLNESS AREA DECREASED
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Pneumothorax
^CARDIAC DULLNESS AREA INCREASED
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Cardiac Hypertrophy
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Aneurysm of the Arch of the Aorta
..Pleurisy with Effusion
..Pericarditis with Effusion
..Fibroid Phthisis
..Pulmonary Fibrosis (Cirrhosis of the Lungs)
..Mediastinal Tumor
^CARDIAC SOUND INTENSITY DECREASED
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..obesity
..thick-walled, muscular subjects
..edema of the thorax
..collapse, shock
..great debility
..in the aged
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Acute Myocardial Infarction
..Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Pericarditis with Effusion
..Pleurisy with Effusion
^CARDIAC SOUND INTENSITY INCREASED
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..mental excitement
..effects of alcohol, coffee, tobacco, and other stimulants
..Cardiac Hypertrophy
..Thyrotoxicosis (Hyperthyroidism)
..Acute Rheumatic Carditis
..Neurocirculatory Asthenia (Effort Syndrome; Soldier's Heart)
^CARDIAC SOUND REDUPLICATION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..fevers, dyspnea, and anemia
..Mitral Stenosis
..Mitral Regurgitation
..Cardiac Hypertrophy
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Acute Rheumatic Carditis
..Acute Myocardial Infarction
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Pericarditis with Effusion
^CARDIOMEGALY
(HEART ENLARGEMENT)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Combined Valvular Lesions
..Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis
..Myocarditis
..Hypothyroidism
^CARDIORESPIRATORY MURMUR
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Chrome Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Neurocirculatory Asthenia (Effort Syndrome; Soldier's Heart)
^CAROTID ARTERY THROBBING
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Overexertion and the abuse of tobacco and other heart irritants
..Aortic Regurgitation
..Aneurysm of the Arch of the Aorta
..Cardiac Hypertrophy (Left Ventricular)
..Arteriosclerosis
..Exophthalmic Goiter (Graves' Disease)
..Neurocirculatory Asthenia (Effort Syndrome)
..Pernicious Anemia
^CARPOPEDAL SPASM
=Violent, painful contraction of hand or foot muscles, an important sign of tetany, commonly associated with hypocalcemia.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Hypocalcemia
..Tetanus
-OTHER CAUSES
..Multiple blood transfusions
..Parathyroidectomy
..Surgical procedures that impair calcium absorption
@2003apr12 dxc
^CATARACT
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Senile Cataract (Simple Cataract; Gray Cataract)
..Juvenile Cataract (Presenile Cataract)
..Congenital Cataract
..Complicated or Secondary Cataract
..Traumatic Cataract
..After-Cataract (Secondary Cataract)
..Diabetes Mellitus
^CATATONIA
=Motoric immobility, mutism, other peculiariies of voluntary movement
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Disulfiram
^CHEEK FLAPPING DURING BREATHING
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Apoplexy (Cerebral Hemorrhage).
..Facial Paralysis.
^CHEEK SWELLING
(Inside the Mouth)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Mucous Cysts
..Carcinoma
..Leukoplakia
..Gaseous Tumor of Steno's Duct
^CHEST ASYMMETRY
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Compensatory Emphysema
..Pleurisy with Effusion
..Empyema (Purulent Pleurisy)
..Hydrothorax
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous or Fibrinous Pneumonia)
..Spontaneous Pneumothorax
..Hemiplegia
..Massive Pulmonary Atelectasis
^CHEST DEFORMITY
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..surgical procedures
..Congenital Deformities of the Chest
..Pulmonary Tuberculosis
..Adenoids
..Tonsil Hypertrophy
..Rickets (Rachitis)
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Pulmonary Fibrosis (Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia; Cirrhosis of the Lung)
..Bronchiectasis (Dilatation of the Bronchi)
..Chronic Adhesive Pleurisy
..Healed Empyema
..Scoliosis
..Infantile Scurvy (Barlow's Disease)
..Fracture of the Sternum
..Cobbler's Chest
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Atrophic Emphysema (Senile Atrophy of the Lungs)
..Serratus Magnus Paralysis (Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy)
..Progressive Spinal Muscular Atrophy
..Syringomyelia
^CHEST EXPANSION ABNORMALITY
=Uneven extension of portions of the chest wall during inspiration due to uncoordinated breathing such as chest lag,intercostal retractions, paradoxical movement, or chest-abdomen asynchrony.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Bronchial obstruction
..Flail chest
..Hemothorax
..Kyphoscoliosis
..Myasthenia gravis
..Phrenic nerve dysfunction
..Pleural effusion
..Pneumonia
..Pneumothorax
..Poliomyelitis
..Pulmonary embolism
-OTHER CAUSES:
..pneumonectomy , surgical removal of several ribs
..intubation of a mainstem bronchus
..incorrect insertion of an endoracheal tube
@2003apr12 DXC
^CHEST MOBILITY IMPAIRMENT
(Including Litten's Phenomenon)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous or Fibrinous Pneumonia)
..Bronchopneumonia (Lobular Pneumonia)
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Pleurisy with Effusion
..Empyema (Purulent Pleurisy)
..Hydrothorax
..Pleurisy
..Fracture of the Ribs
..Intercostal Neuralgia
..Intercostal Fibrositis (Pleurodynia)
..Acute Pneumothorax
..Bronchial Asthma
..Chronic Adhesive Pleurisy
..Fibroid Phthisis
..Pulmonary Fibrosis (Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia; Cirrhosis of the Lung)
..Bronchiectasis (Dilatation of the Bronchi)
..Tracheal or Bronchial Stenosis
..Atelectasis (Collapse of the Lung)
..Carcinoma of the Lung
..Splenomegaly
..Hepatomegaly
^CHEST PAIN
=An important indicator of several acute and life-threatening cardiopulmonary and GI disorders, also musculoskeletal and hematologic disorders, anxiety, and drug therapy. Can radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, or back. It can be steady or intermittent, mild or acute, and can range from sharp shooting sensation to heaviness or fullness, aggravated by stress, exertion, breathing, or eating.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Angina
..Aortic aneurysm (dissecting
..Asthma
..Blastomycosis
..Bronchitis
..Cholecystitis
..Cardiomyopathy
..Chinese restaurant syndrome
..Coccidioidomycosis
..Costochondritis
..Distention of colon's splenic flexure
..Esophageal spasm
..Herpes zoster (shingles
..Hiatal hernia
..Interstitial lung disease
..legionnaire's disease
..Lung abscess
..Lung cancer
..Mediastinitis
..Mitral valve prolapse
..Muscle strain
..Myocardial infarction
..Nocardiosis
..Pancreatitis
..Peptic ulcer
..Pericarditis
..Pleurisy
..Pneumonia
..Pneumothorax
..Psittacosis
..Pulmonary actinomycosis
..Pulmonary embolism.
..Pulmonary hypertension (primary).
..Rib fracture
..Sickle cell crisis.
..Thoracic outlet syndrome
..Tuberculosis
..Angina Pectoris
..Acute Coronary Insufficiency
..Myocardial Infarction
..Aneurysm of the Aorta
..Syphilitic Aortitis
..Influenza (La Grippe; Grip)
..Fracture of the Sternum
..Dissecting Aneurysm
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Mediastinal Emphysema
..Acute Tracheitis
..Dorsal Root Pain
..Hiatus Esophageal Hernia
..Mediastinal Abscess
^UNILATERAL CHEST PAIN
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Pleurisy
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous Pneumonia)
..Fracture of the Ribs
..Intercostal Neuralgia
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis
..Herpes Zoster (Shingles; Zona)
..Pulmonary Infarction (Pulmonary Embolism; Pulmonary Thrombosis)
..Deep Axillary Abscess
..Diaphragmatic Pleurisy
..Empyema (Purulent Pleurisy)
..Splenic Flexure Syndrome
..Spontaneous Pneumothorax
..Tuberculosis of the Spine (Pott's Disease; Spinal Caries)
..Malignant Tumors of the Pleura (Primary and Secondary)
..Tumor of the Spinal Cord
..Epidemic Pleurodynia
@2003apr12 dxc
^CHEST WALL EDEMA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Anasarca (of Renal Origin)
..Empyema (Purulent Pleurisy)
..Aneurysm of the Arch of the Aorta
..Superior Vena Caval Syndrome (Obstruction of the Superior Vena Cava)
..Abscess of the Chest Wall
..Loculated Empyema
^CHEST WALL SKIN AFFECTION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Syphilis
..Acne Vulgaris
..Herpes Zoster
..Pityriasis Rosea
..Seborrheic Dermatitis
..Tinea Versicolor
..Urticaria
..Seborrheic Keratoses
..Acquired Hemangiomas
..Nonvascular Nevi
..Congenital Hemangioma (Nevus Vasculous)
..Miliaria Rubra (Prickly Heat)
..Petechiae
..Purpura
..Spider Nevi (Spider Angiomas)
..Sudamina (Miliaria Crystallina)
..Drug Eruptions (Dermatitis Medicamentosa)
..Papulonecrotic Tuberculid (Acuta Necrotica)
^CHEST WALL ULCER
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Burns
..Cellulitis (Phlegmonous Erysipelas)
..Carcinoma of the Breast
..Costal or Stemal Tuberculosis
..Gumma of the Sternum
..Empyema Necessitatis
^CHEST WALL VEIN ENLARGEMENT
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Aneurysm of the Aorta
..Cirrhosis of the Liver
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Intrathoracic Goiter
..Pregnancy
..Empyema (Purulent Pleurisy)
..Carcinoma of the Lung
..Tuberculous Adenitis (Tracheabronchial)
^CHEYNE-STOKES RESPIRATION
=Waxing and waning period of hyperpnea alternating with a shorter period of apnea, usually indicating increased intracranial pressure from a deep cerebral or brain stem lesion, or a metabolic disturbance in the brain. Can occur normally in patients who live at high altitudes.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..ordinary sleep in infants and old people
..Coma
..Uremia (Renal Insufficiency)
..Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
..Left Ventricular Failure (Congestive Heart Failure)
..Tuberculous Meningitis (Basilar Meningitis)
..Cerebrospinal Meningitis (Cerebrospinal Fever)
..Typhoid Status
..Neurosis
..Chorea
..Adams-Stokes attacks
..Heart failure
..Hypertensive encephalopathy
..Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
..Renal failure
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs(hypnotics, narcotics, barbiturates)
@2003apr12 dxc
^CHILL
(RIGOR)
=Paroxysms of involuntary muscle contractions (violent shivering, teeth chattering),commonly with fever, usually heralding onset of infection.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
..Cholangitis. ..Gram-negative bacteremia
..Hemolytic anemia
..Hepatic abscess
..Hodgkin's disease
..Infective endocarditis
..Influenza
..Legionnaire's disease ..Lung abscess
..Lyme disease
..Lymphangitis
..Lymphogranuloma venereum
..Malaria
..Miliary tuberculosis
..Otitis media
..Pelvic inflammatory disease
..Pneumonia
..Psittacosis
..Puerperal orpostabortal sepsis
..Pyelonephritis
..Renal abscess
..Rocky Mountain spotted fever
..Septic arthritis
..Septic shock
..Sinusitis.
..Snake bite
..Typhoid fever
..Violin spider bite
..brucellosis (undulant fever)
..dengue (breakbone fever)
..epidemic typhus (louse-borne typhus)
..leptospirosis
..lymphocytic choriomeningitis
..plague
..pulmonary tularemia
..rat bite fever
..relapsing fever.
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous Pneumonia)
..Septicemia and Pyemia
..Pyelitis or Pyelonephritis
..Puerperal Sepsis (Septic Endometritis)
..Acute General Peritonitis
..Suppurative Cholangitis
..Bacterial Endocarditis (Acute and Subacute)
..Acute Osteomyelitis
..Erysipelas
..Pulmonary Tuberculosis
..Malaria
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Drugs(amphotericin B,phenytoin)
..I.V. therapy
..Transfusion reaction
@2003apr12 dxc
^CHOREA
(Choreiform movements)
=Bursts of rapid, jerky, involuntary motion indicating extrapyramidal dysfunction. Most often involving the face, head, lower arms, and hands. Patient may exhibit restlessness and periodic facial grimaces.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Carbon monoxide poisoning
..Cerebral infarction
..Encephalitis
..Huntington's disease
..Lead poisoning.
..Manganese poisoning
..Wilson's disease
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Drugs(phenothiazines,haloperidol,oral contraceptives,phenytoin)
@2003apr12 dxc
^CHRONIC CONSTIPATION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Chronic Intussusception
..Nonmalignant Stricture of the Bowel (Tuberculous, Diverticular, Syphilitic, Dysenteric)
..Carcinoma of the Colon
..Fecal Impaction
..Visceroptosis
..Irritable colon (Adaptive colitis)
..Lead Poisoning
..Stricture of the Rectum
..Regional Enteritis (Regional Ileitis)
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous Pneumonia)
..Septicemia and Pyemia
..Pyelitis or Pyelonephritis
..Puerperal Sepsis (Septic Endometritis)
..Acute General Peritonitis
..Suppurative Cholangitis
..Bacterial Endocarditis (Acute and Subacute)
..Acute Osteomyelitis
..Erysipelas
..Pulmonary Tuberculosis
..Malaria
CHRONIC DIARRHEA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Nervous Diarrhea (Functional Diarrhea)
..Chronic Ulcerative Colitis
..Regional Ileitis (Regional Enteritis; Crohn's Disease)
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Chronic Constipation (Intestinal Stasis)
..Chronic Intestinal Obstruction (Carcinoma of the Colon; Strangulation; Stricture; Impacted Feces)
..Irritable Colon (Spastic Colitis; Adaptive Colitis)
..Chronic Amebic Dysentery
..Carcinoma of the Rectum
..Exophthalmic Goiter (Graves' Disease)
..Chronic Glomerulonephritis (Chronic Bright's Disease)
..Pernicious Anemia
..Primary Tuberculosis of the Intestine
..Sprue
..Chronic Diverticulitis
..Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
..Celiac Disease (Gee-Herter Disease)
..Nontropical Sprue (Adult Celiac Disease)
..Addison's Disease
..Pellagra
..Carcinoma of the Pancreas
..Chronic Nonspecific Enterocolitis (Chronic Catarrh of the Intestines; Chronic Ileocolitis; Chronic Catarrhal Enteritis; Chronic Diarrhea; Chronic Intestinal Indigestion; Dysentery)
^CHRONIC VOMITING
(Chronic Emesis, Including Nausea)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Pregnancy
..Carcinoma of The Stomach
..Peptic Ulcer
..Pyloric Obstruction with Dilatation of the Stomach
..Chronic Gastritis
..Postnasal Drip
..Pernicious Anemia
..Pyloric Stenosis of Infancy (Hypertrophic Stenosis of the Pylorus)
..Chronic Glomerulonephritis (Chronic Bright's Disease)
..Uremia (Renal Insufficiency)
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy
..Cirrhosis of the Liver (Portal)
..Neurosis (Nervous Dyspepsia; Gastric Neurosis; Tension State; Chronic Nervous Exhaustion; Neurasthenia; Nervous Prostration or Breakdown)
..Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
..Exophthalmic Goiter (Graves' Disease)
..Tabes Dorsalis (Locomotor Ataxia)
..Diabetes Mellitus
..Cerebral Tumor
..Cerebral Abscess
..Cyclic Vomiting (Periodic Vomiting of Children)
..Allergic Purpura (Henoch's Variety)
..Addison's Disease
..Angioneurotic Edema
..Hypercalcemia
^CHVOSTEK'S SIGN
=Abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by lightly tapping the patient's facial nerve near his lower jaw. Can occur normally but usually suggests hypocalcemia. Can't be elicited during tetany.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Hypocalcemia
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Blood transfusion
@2003apr12 dxc
^CLUBBING
=The fingernail becomes round and bulbous. To test, place index fingers together so the nail surfaces and first joint of each finger are touching. When viewed from the side, normal nails leave a diamond-shaped gap at the nail base. Clubbed nails leave a small gap or no gap.It is usually considered a sign of hypoxia.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Bronchiectasis
..Bronchitis
..Emphysema
..Endocarditis
..Heart failure ..Interstitial fibrosis
..Lung abscess
..Lung and pleural cancer
..hepatic and Gl disorders(rarely)
@2003oct23 dxc
^COGWHEEL RIGIDITY
=Superimposed ratchetlike movements (rigidity and tremor) when muscle is passively stretched (usually appears in the arms but can sometimes be elicited in the ankle). A cardinal sign of Parkinson's disease.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Parkinson's disease
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs (antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, metoclopramide)
@2003apr12 dxc
^COLD INTOLERANCE
=Usually reflects damage to the body's temperature-regulating mechanism based on interactions between the hypothalamus and the thyroid gland (tumor or hormonal deficiency). In elderly, reflects normal age-related physiologic changes. Somewhat normal in infants.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hypopituitarism
..Hypothalamic lesion
..Hypothyroidism.
@2003apr12 dxc
^COLOR BLINDNESS
(Achromatopsia)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Congenital Color Amblyopia (Congenital Color Blindness)
..Optic Atrophy
..Toxic Amblyopia (Chronic Retrobulbar Neuritis)
..Optic Neuritis
^COMA
(Unconsciousness)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..terminal phenomenon
..acute central nervous system lesions
..Cerebrovascular Accident (Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Thrombosis; Cerebral Embolism; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage)
..Uremia
..Diabetes Mellitus
..Acute Alcoholism
..Head Injury
..Eclampsia
..Sunstroke
..Opium Poisoning
..Stokes-Adams Syndrome
..Carbon Monoxide Asphyxia
..Epilepsy
..Meningitis (Cerebrospinal, Suppurative, Tuberculous)
..Asphyxia (Apnea: drowning, strangulation, suffocation, hanging, foreign bodies in the air passages, irrespirable gases; pulmonary thrombosis, etc.)
..Hypoglycemia
=Despite repeated painful stimuli,
patient remains unarousable with eyes
closed. No evident response to inner
need or external stimuli.
^COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURE
=Occur when a focal seizure affects the temporal lobe and thus alters the level of consciousness. These seizures are preceded by hallucinations, and generally last 5 minutes or so. Between attacks the patient's personality and attitudes are severely altered.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Brain abscess
..Head trauma
..Herpes simplex encephalitis
..Temporal lobe tumor
@2003jul28 kui
^CONFUSION
=Inability to think quickly and coherently, especially under stress and with sensory deprivation (may be mistaken for senility in elderly). Differentiate from delirium (with hallucinations and psychomotor hyperactivity) and dementia (with long-term deterioration of all cognitive functions).
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Brain tumor
..Cerebrovascular disorders
..Decreased cerebral perfusion
..Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
..Head trauma
..Heatstroke
..Heavy metal poisoning
..Hypothermia
..Hypoxemia
..Infection
..Metabolic encephalopathy
..Nutritional deficiencies
..Thyroid hormone disorders
-OTHER CAUSES:
__Alcohol
__Drugs (CNS depressants,lidocaine, digitalis, indomethacin,St. John's wort,serotonergic drugs)
...Acelazolamide
...Acyclovir
...Metronidazole
...Mefloquine
...Pilocarpine
...Quinidine
...Levodopa
...Caffeine
...Baclofen
...Chloroquine
...Interleukin-2
...Cytarabine
...Ifosfamide
...Selegiline
...Ganciclovir
...Efavirenz
...Sildenafil
...Dronabinol
...Asparaginase
@2003apr12 dxc
^CONJUGATE DEVIATION
(The head and eyes are turned to the side.)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Apoplexy (Cerebral Hemorrhage)
..Major Epilepsy
..Minor Epilepsy (Petit Mal)
..Epidemic Encephalitis (Encephalitis Lethargica)
..Pontine Hemorrhage
..Tumor of the Pons
..Tumor of the Frontal Lobe (Postfrontal Area)
^CONJUNCTIVAL INJECTION
(Bloodshot Eye)
=Nonuniform redness of the conjunctiva from hyperemia, usually resulting from bacterial or viral conjunctivitis but may arise from inadequate sleep, overuse of contact lenses, excessive eve rubbing.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Blepharitis
..chemical burns
..conjunctival foreign bodies and abrasions.
..Bacterial conjunctivitis
..In viral conjunctivitis,
..Corneal abrasion.
..Corneal erosion
..Corneal ulcer
..Dacryoadenitis.
..Episcleritis
..Glaucoma.
..Hyphema.
..Iritis
..Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
..lyme disease
..Ocular lacerations and intraocular foreign bodies.
..Ocular tumors
..Refractive error
..Scleritis
..Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
..Uveitis
..local irritation
..errors of refraction, muscle imbalance, inflammatory nasal conditions, overactivity of the meibomian glands, or riboflavin deficiency
..Acute Contagious Conjunctivitis (Pink-Eye; Acute Epidemic Conjunctivitis).
..Acute Catarrhal Conjunctivitis (Acute Simple Conjunctivitis).
..Chronic Catarrhal Conjunctivitis (Chronic Simple Conjunctivitis).
..Gonococcal Ophthalmia (Adult Purulent Conjunctivitis
..Ophthalmia Neonatorum (Infantile Purulent Conjunctivitis).
..Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis.
..Traumatic Conjunctivitis
..Ultraviolet Ray and Radiation Conjunctivitis
..Iritis.
..Acute Glaucoma
..Trachoma (Granular Conjunctivitis
..Asthenopia (Eyestrain)
..Pannus
..Acute Dacryocystitis (Lacrimal Conjunctivitis).
..Hay Fever
..Measles (Morbilli; Rubeola; Exanthematous Conjunctivitis).
..Acute Rhinitis (Common Cold; Acute Coryza)
..Whooping Cough (Pertussis
..Influenza (La Grippe; Grip)
@2003apr12 dxc
^CONJUNCTIVAL SWELLING
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Gonococcal Oplithalmia (Adult Purulent Conjunctivitis)
..Suppurative Iridochoroiditis (and Panophthalmitis)
..Acute Glaucoma
..Orbital Cellulitis (Phiegmon of the Orbit).
..Maxillary Sinusitis (Antritis; Fmpyema of the Antrum of Highmore).
..Iritis
..Acute Contagious Conjunctivitis (Pink-Eye).
^CONSTIPATION
=Difficult or infrequent bowel movements (in relation to normal elimination pattern). Because the autonomic nervous system controls bowel movements (by sensing rectal distention from fecal contents and by stimulating the external sphincter) any factor that influences this svstem may cause bowel dysfunction.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Anal fissure (pain associated with bowel movements)
..Anorectal abscess
..Cirrhosis
..Crohn's disease
..Diabetic neuropathy
..Diverticulitis
..Hemorrhoids (pain, bleeding of defecation)
..Hepatic porphyria
..Porphyria
..Hypercalcemia
..Hypothyroidism
..Intestinal obstruction
..Irritable bowel syndrome
..Mesenteric artery ischemia
..Multiple sclerosis
..Spinal cord lesion
..Tabes dorsalis
..Ulcerative colitis
..Ulcerative proctitis
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Diagnostic tests (retention of barium from enema)
..Drugs(narcotic analgesics, vinca alkaloids, calcium channel blockers, antacids, tricyclic antidepressants).
..excessive use of laxatives or enemas.
..Surgery and radiation therapy
@2003apr12 dxc
^CONTRACTURE
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hemiplegia (Late Rigidity or Contracture)
..Infantile Paralysis (From Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis)
..Torticollis (Wryneck)
..Spinal Syphilis
..Rheumatoid Arthritis
..Spinal Syphilis
..Cerebral Diplegia
..Cicatrices
..Nerve Injury (Severe)
..Dupuytren's Contracture
..Volkmann s Ischemic Contracture (Ischemic Myositis)
..Friedrich's Ataxia
..Hysteria
^CONVULSION
(Fit;Convulsive Seizure or Attack)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Idiopathic Epilepsy
..Uremia (Absolute Renal Insufficiency)
..Hysteria
..Febrile Convulsions of Infancy and Childhood
..Tetany (Spasmophilia)
..Rickets (Spasmophilia)
..Eclampsia
..Chronic Alcoholism
..Meningitis
..General Paresis (General Paralysis of the Insane; Dementia Paralytica)
..Cerebral Syphilis (Cerebrospinal Syphilis)
..Cerebrovascular Accident (Hemorrhage, Thrombosis, Embolism)
..Tetanus
..Stokes-Adams Disease
..Asphyxia (Drowning, Suffocation, Strangulation)
..Cerebral Tumor
..Spontaneous Hypoglycemia and Hyperinsulinism
^CORNEAL OPACITY
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Arcus Senilis
..Interstitial or Parenchymatous Keratitis.
..Phlyctenular Keratitis
..Ulcer of the Cornea
..Acute Glaucoma
..Acute Iritis (Iridocyclitis)
..Acne Rosacea Keratitis
..Cicatrization of Corneal Ulcers
^CORNEAL PROTRUSION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Staphyloma of the Cornea
..Keratectasia
..Keratoconus (Conical Cornea)
..Keratoglobus
^CORNEAL REFLEX ABSENT
=Drawing a fine-pointed wisp of sterile cotton from a corner of one eye to the cornea causes bilateral blinking (When this reflex is absent, neither eyelid closes when the cornea of one is touched). Tests afferent fibers of ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and efferent fibers of facial nerve(cranial nerve VII).
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Acoustic neuroma
..Bell's palsy
..Brain stem infarction or injury
..Guillain-Barre syndrome
..Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis
..Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux).
@2003apr12 dxc
^CORNEAL ULCER
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Trauma
..Gonococcal Ophthalmia (Adult Purulent Conjunctivitis)
..Trackoma (Granular Conjunctivitis)
..Phlyctenular Keratitis
..Acute Catarrhal Conjunctivitis (Acute Simple Conjunctivitis).
^CORNEO-CONJUNCTIVAL REFLEX ABOLITION
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hysteria
..Acute Glaucoma
..Facial Paralysis
..Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor (Acoustic Neuroma)
..Chronic Subdural Hematoma
..Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Syndrome.
^COSTOVERTEBRAL ANGLE TENDERNESS
=Purcussing the costovertebral angle evokes pain if the renal capsule is distended, indicating some sort of renal disease
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Calculi
..Perirenal abscess.
..Pyelonephritis (acute).
..Renal artery occlusion.
..Renal vein occlusion
@2003apr12 dxc
^COUGH
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..cigarette smoking
..Acute Tracheobronchitis
..Influenza (Respiratory Form)
..Bronchopneumonia (Lobular Pneumonia)
..bronchiectactasis
..Chronic Tracheobronchitis
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Acute Simple Laryngitis
..Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
..Measles (MorbiUi; Rubeola)
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Pulmonary Edema
..Hay Fever
..Bronchial Asthma
..Primary Atypical Pneumonia
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Lobar Pneumonia (Croupous or Fibrinous Pneumonia)
..Mitral Stenosis
..Fracture of the Ribs
..Aneurysm of the Aorta
..Abscess of the Lung (Single)
..Acute Pleurisy
..Pulmonary Infarction
..Acute Miliary Tuberculosis (Pulmonary Form)
..Tuberculous Laryngitis
..Diphtheria (Membranous Croup)
..Acute Subglottic Laryngitis (False Croup of Children)
..Adenoids
..Acute Tuberculous Pneumonia (Caseous Pneumonia; Pneumonic Phthisis)
..Acute Tuberculous Bronchopneumonia (Galloping Consumption)
..Fibroid Phthisis
..Pulmonary Fibrosis (Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia, Cirrhosis of the Lung)
..Gangrene of the Lung
..Inhalation of Poison Gases
..Pneumonoconiosis
..Congenital Heart Disease
..Psychogenic Cough
..Goiter
..Primary Malignant Tumors of the Bronchi and Lungs (Bronchogenic Carcinoma and Sarcoma of the Lung)
..Metastatic Pulmonary Tumors
..Mediastinal Tumors
..Pericarditis with Effusion
..Fibrinous Bronchitis (Plastic Bronchitis)
..Pulmonary Actinomycosis
^CRACKLE
=Clicking or rattling noise heard durng auscultation of breath sounds, ususally on inspiration.They indicate abnormal movement of air through fluid-filled airways and are characterized by pitch, loudness, location, persistence, and ccurrence during the respiratory cycle.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)
..Asthma (acute
..Bronchiectasis
..Bronchitis (chronic
..Chemical pneumonitis
..Interstitial fibrosis of the lungs
..Legionnaire's disease
..Lung abscess
..Pneumonia
..Psittacosis
..Pulmonary edema
..Pulmonary embolism
..Pulmonary tuberculosis
..Sarcoidosis
..Silicosis
..Tracheobronchitis
@2003apr13 dxc
^CRANIAL NERVE 1 FUNCTION
=olfactory
^CRANIAL NERVE 11 FUNCTION
=shoulder shrug strength
^CRANIAL NERVE 12 FUNCTION
=tongue protrusion
^CRANIAL NERVE 2 FUNCTION
=visual acuity, visual fields, fundi
^CRANIAL NERVE 3/4/6 FUNCTION
=pupils, eye movements
^CRANIAL NERVE 5 FUNCTION
=facial sensation, corneal reflexes
^CRANIAL NERVE 7 FUNCTION
=facial symmetry, strength
^CRANIAL NERVE 8 FUNCTION
=hearing with tuning fork, whispered voice, finger rub
^CRANIAL NERVE 9 FUNCTION
=spontaneous or reflex palate movement
^CREPITUS
(Crackling)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Fracture
..Malignant Bone Tumor
..Synovitis (Chronic)
..Tenosynovitis (Wrist)
..Osteoarthritis
..Subcutaneous or Cellular Emphysema
..Malignant Edema (Gangrenous Emphysema; Gas Gangrene)
^CRUST/SCAB
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Eczema
..Impetigo Contagiosa
..Varicella
..Variola
..Herpes Simplex and Herpes Zoster
..Syphilis
..Sycosis Vulgaris (Sycosis Nonparasitica; Barber's Itch)
..Basal-Cell Epithelioma (Rodent Ulcer)
..Squamous-Cell Epithelioma (Prickle-Cell Carcinoma)
..Seborrheic Dermatitis
..Senile Keratosis
..Lupus Vulgaris
..Ecthyma
..Favus
^CUTICLE RED
=Bright red coloration of the skin adjacent to the cuticles.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..lupus
..connective tissue disease.
^CYANOSIS
=Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from unoxygenated hemoglobin in blood.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Arteriosclerotic occlusive disease (chronic)
..Bronchiectasis
..Buerger's disease
..Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
..Deep vein thrombosis
..Heart failure
..Lung cancer
..Peripheral arterial occlusion (acute).
..Pneumonia
..Pneumothorax.
..Polycythemia vera
..Pulmonary edema
..Pulmonary embolism
..Raynaud's disease
..Shock
..Sleep apnea
..Acquired Heart Disease
..Congenital Heart Disease
..Pneumonia
..Pulmonary Embolism
..Laryngeal Diphtheria
..Epilepsy
..Acute Subglottic Laryngitis (Spasmodic Croup)
..Laryngismus Stridulus
..Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
..Apoplexy (Cerebral Hemorrhage)
..Bronchial Asthma
..Acute Pneumothorax
..Hypertrophic Emphysema
..Neurocirculatory Asthenia (Effort Syndrome; Soldier's Heart)
..Pericarditis with Effusion
..Mediastinal Tumor
..Goiter (In General)
..Enterogenous Cyanosis (Methemoglobinemia and Sulfhemoglobinemia)
..Polycythemia Rubra Vera (Erythremia; Vaquez' Disease; Osier's Disease)
..Traumatic Asphyxia
..Carbon Monoxide Asphyxia
..Foreign Body in the Air Passages
..Asphyxia of Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation
@2003apr13 dxc
^DEAFNESS
(One or Both Ears)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Acute Auditory Tube Obstruction
..Chronic Auditory Tube Obstruction
..Impacted Cerumen
..Acute Otitis Media
..Acute Mastoiditis
..Chronic Simple Suppurativc Otitis Media
..Otosclerosis
..Acute Labyrinthitis
..Traumatic and Occupational Deafness
..Acoustic Neuritis (Nerve Deafness)
..Hay Fever (Hyperesthetic Rhinitis; Vasomotor Coryza)
..Scarlet Fever
..Measles (Morbilli)
..Hysteria
..Quininism (Cinchonism)
..Hemorrhage into the Labyrinth
..Meniere's Syndrome
..Cerebrospinal Syphilis
..Congenital Syphilis
..Meningitic Neurolabyrinthitis
..Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis)
..Furunculosis of the External Meatus.
..Foreign Body in the External Meatus.
..Acute Myringitis
..Eczema of the External Ear
..Cerebral Tumor (Pontine)
..Chronic glomerulonephritis
..Uremia
..Sporadic Cretinism (Infantile Myxedema)
..Congenital Deafness
..Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
..Acute Auditory Tube Obstruction
..Chronic Auditory Tube Obstruction
..Impacted Cerumen
..Acute Otitis Media
..Acute Mastoiditis
..Chronic Simple Suppurativc Otitis Media
..Otosclerosis
..Acute Labyrinthitis
..Traumatic and Occupational Deafness
..Acoustic Neuritis (Nerve Deafness)
..Hay Fever (Hyperesthetic Rhinitis; Vasomotor Coryza)
..Scarlet Fever
..Measles (Morbilli)
..Hysteria
..Quininism (Cinchonism)
..Hemorrhage into the Labyrinth
..Meniere's Syndrome
..Cerebrospinal Syphilis
..Congenital Syphilis
..Meningitic Neurolabyrinthitis
..Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis)
..Furunculosis of the External Meatus.
..Foreign Body in the External Meatus.
..Acute Myringitis
..Eczema of the External Ear
..Cerebral Tumor (Pontine)
..Chronic glomerulonephritis
..Uremia
..Sporadic Cretinism (Infantile Myxedema)
..Congenital Deafness
..Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
^DECEREBRATE POSTURE
(Decerebrate rigidity;abnormal extensor reflex)
=Position often seen in comatose patients wherein the arms are extended alongside the body with wrists pronated, and legs extended with plantar flexion of the feet. Decebrate posture is indicative of brain stem damage, and the duration of the posture signifies the severity of brain stem damage.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Brain stem infarction
..Brain stem tumor
..Cerebral lesion
..Hepatic encephalopathy
..Hypoglycemic encephalopathy
..Hypoxic encephalopathy
..Pontine hemorrhage
..Posterior fossa hemorrhage
-OTHER CAUSES
..Diagnostic tests
@2003jun04 kui
^DECORTICATE POSTURE
(Decorticate rigidity;abnormal flexor response)
=The position of a patient in which the arms are extended with flexion at the elbows, and the legs are extended and internally rotated with plantar flexion of the feet. Decorticate posture is indicative of corticospinal damage, and is often seen in comatose patients.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Brain abscess
..Brain tumor
..Cerebrovascular accident
..Head injury
@2003jun04 kui
^DECUBITUS
(Posture in Bed)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Acute General Peritonitis
..Acute Appendicitis
..Cerebrospinal Meningitis
..Pleurisy with Effusion
..Lobar Pneumonia
..Cerebellar Tumor
^DEEP TENDON REFLEX HYPERACTIVE
=An unusually fast muscle contraction that results from sharply tapping a tendon of insertion. Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes (DTR's) may be caused by disease of the nervous system or by an overactive thyroid gland.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
..Brain tumor
..Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
..Hepatic encephalopathy
..Hypocalcemia
..Hypomagnesemia
..Hypothermia
..Hyperthyroidism
..Multiple sclerosis
..Preeclampsia
..Spinal cord lesion
..Tetanus
@2003jun04 kui
^DEEP TENDON REFLEX HYPOACTIVE
=An unusually minimal or absent muscle contraction in response to tapping a tendon of insertion. Hypoactive deep tendon reflexes may be caused by damage to the muscle, nerve or spinal cord.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Botulism
..Cerebellar dysfunction
..Eaton-Lambert syndrome
..Guillain-Barre syndrome
..Peripheral neuropathy
..Polymyositis
..Syringomyelia
..Tabes dorsalis
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs
@2003jun04 kui
^DEEP-SEATED LUMBAR SWELLING
(Visible or Palpable)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Hydronephrosis
..Perinephritic Abscess
..Tumor of the Kidney
..Congenital Polycystic Kidneys
..Renal Tuberculosis
..Pyonephrosis
..Lumbar Abscess (of Pott's Disease)
^DELIRIUM
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Acelazolamide
..Digoxin
..Nevirapine
..Buspirone
..Clonidine
..Ketamine
..Clozapine
..Trazodone
..Ganciclovir
..co-trimoxazole
..Disulfiram
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..febrile diseases
..Lobar Pneumonia
..Uremia (Bilateral Renal Disease)
..Cholemia (Hepatic Coma)
..Psychotic Delirium (Collapse Delirium and Acute Hallucinatory Confusion or Amentia)
..Delirium Tremens
..Cerebral Syphilis
..Cerebrospinal Meningitis
..Epidemic Encephalitis (Encephalitis Lethargica)
..Acute Cerebral Anemia (Hemorrhage)
..Multiple Neuritis (Alcoholic)
..Pericarditis with Effusion
..Exhaustion Psychosis (Collapse Delirium; Acute Hallucinatory Confusion)
^DELUSION
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Amantadine
..Levodopa
..Sildenafil
..Selegiline
..Lidocaine
..Chloroquine
..Propafenone
^DEMENTIA
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)
..General Paresis (General Paralysis of the Insane; Dementia Paralytica)
..Senile and Presenile Dementia
..Cerebrovascular Disease (Arteriosclerotic and Hypertensive Dementia)
..Chronic Alcoholism (Alcoholic Dementia)
..Cerebral Syphilis
..Pellagra
..Huntington's Chorea (Chronic Chorea)
..Epilepsy
..Acromegaly
..Myxedema
^DENTAL CARIES
-MEDICAL CAUSE
..Pregnancy
..Diabetes Mellitus
..Pernicious Anemia
..Congenital Syphilis
..Cretinism
^DENTITION DELAYED
-MEDICAL CAUSE
..malnutrition
..Rickets
..Cretinism
..Idiocy and Imbecility
^DENTITION EARLY
-MEDICAL CAUSE
..Congenital Syphilis
^DEPERSONALIZATION
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Methysergide
^DEPRESSION
=A mood disorder that is characterized by a chronic feeling of despair. Insomnia, anorexia and fatigue are common conditions that coincide with depression.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Organic disorders
..Psychiatric disorders
-OTHER CAUSES
__Alcohol abuse
__Drugs
...Acyclovir
...Acelazolamide
...Amantadine
...Hetoclopramide
...co-trimoxazole
...Methysergide
...Dapsone
...Efavirenz
...Metronidazole
...Methyldopa
...Digoxin
...Mefloquine
...Asparaginase
...Clonidine
...Vinblastine
...Baclofen
...Disulfiram
...Zaleplon
...Levonorgestrel
...Disopyramide
...Interferon alfa
...Isotretinoin
...Levodopa
@2003jun 04 kui
^DIAPHORESIS
(sweating excessive;Hyperidrosis)
=Excessive sweating that occurs as a result of fever, increased physical activity, stress, or heat exposure. The sweat glands of the palms and soles sweat in response to emotional stress whereas generalized sweating of the body occurs as a result of some physiological condition.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Obesity
..debility from any cause
..Climacteric (Menopause; 'Change of Life')
..Neurosis
..Myocardial Infarction
..Coronary Insufficiency
..Hypoglycemia
..Exophthalmic Goiter (Graves' Disease; Basedow's Disease)
..Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Phthisis)
..Acute Rheumatic Fever
..Septicopyemia (As in Pyonephrosis, Acute Bacterial Endocarditis, Empyema, Lung Abscess, Liver Abscess, Infected Wound,)
..Malaria
..Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
..Acromegaly
..Anxiety disorders
..Autonomic hyperreflexia
..Drug and alcohol withdrawal syndromes
..Empyema
..Envenomation
..Heart failure
..Heat exhaustion
..Hodgkin's disease
..Hypoglycemia
..Immunoblasuc lymphadenopathy
..Infective endocarditis (subacute)
..Liver abscess
..Lung abscess
..Malaria
..Meniere's disease
..Myocardial infarction
..Pheochromocytoma
..Pneumonia
..Relapsing fever
..Tetanus
..Thyrotoxicosis
..Tuberculosis
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs
..Dumping syndrome
..Pesticide poisoning
@2003jun04 kui
^DIARRHEA
=The frequent passage of loose, watery stools that results from increased activity of the colon. Diarrhea ranges in severity, and can be caused by eating spicy foods, the common flu, food poisoning or in more severe cases by certain disorders such as malabsorption syndrome. If left untreated, diarrhea may cause dehydration, arrhythmias and shock due to fluid imbalances.
-MEDICAL CAUSES:
..Carcinoid syndrome
..Clostridium difficile infection
..Crohn's disease
..Infections
..Intestinal obstruction
..Irritable bowel syndrome
..Ischemic bowel disease
..Lactose intolerance
..Large-bowel cancer
..Lead poisoning
..Malabsorption syndrome
..Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
..Rotavirus gastroenteritis
..Thyrotoxicosis
..Ulcerative colitis
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs
..Treatments
@2003jun 04 kui
^DIGITAL/BIMANUAL PALPATION ABNORMALITY
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Colpocele (Prolapsed Vaginal Wall)
..Cystocele (Prolapse of the Bladder)
..Rectocele (Prolapse of the Anterior Wall of the Rectum)
..Laceration of the Perineum (Relaxed Perineum; Relaxation of the Pelvic Flood)
..Prolapse of the Uterus (and Procidentia)
..Hypertrophy of the Cervix (Elongation of the Cervix)
..Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
..Laceration of the Cervix Uteri
..Chronic Cervicitis
..Cervical Polyp
..Pregnancy
..Uterine Fibroids (Fibromyomas of the Uterus)
..Retrodisplacement of the Uterus (Retroversion; Retroflexion)
..Anteflexion of the Uterus
..Anteversion of the Uterus
..Subinvolution of the Uterus
..Chronic Metritis
..Atrophy of the Uterus
..Acute Salpingitis
..Chronic Salpingo-oophoritis. (Pus Tube; Pyosalpinx; Chronic Salpingitis)
..Placenta Praevia
..Acute Septic Endometritis
..Rectovaeinal Fistula
..Vesicovaginal Fistula
..Periurethral Abscess
..Ectopic Pregnancy
..Ovarian Cyst (and Parovarian Cyst)
..Chronic Oophoritis
..Chronic Pelvic Cellulitis (Parametritis)
..Endonictriosis
..Tuberculous Salpingitis
..Pelvic Abscess
..Pelvic Hematocele or Hematoma
..Appendicitis
..Fecal Impaction
^DIPLOPIA
(ambiopia;double vision)
=Double vision that can be caused by defective eye muscles or nerves that stimulate the muscles. Can be either monocular or binocular, and duration of the symptom ranges with severity.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Oculomotor Paralysis (Third Nerve Paralysis).
..Fourth Nerve Paralysis (Paralysis of the Superior Oblique Muscle).
..Sixth Nerve Paralysis (Paralysis of the External Rectus Muscle).
..Acute Alcoholism
..Asthenopia (Muscle Imbalance)
..Cerebral Syphilis
..Tabes Dorsalis (Locomotor Ataxia)
..General Paresis (Dementia Paralytica)
..Tuberculous Meningitis (Basilar Meningitis)
..Cerebrospmal Meningitis (Cerebrospinal Fever).
..Epidemic Encephalitis (Encephalitis Lethargica).
..Cerebellar Tumor
..Cerebral Tumor
..Ophthalmoplegic Migraine
..Postdiphtheritic Paralysis
..Multiple Sclerosis (Disseminated Sclerosis; Insular Sclerosis).
..Orbital Cellulitis
..Orbital Tumor
..Myasthenia Gravis
..Symblepharon
..Alcohol intoxication
..Botulism
..Brain tumor
..Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
..Cerebrovascular accident
..Diabetes mellitus
..Head injury
..Intracranial aneurysm
..Multiple sclerosis (MS)
..Myasthenia gravis
..Ophthalmologic migraine
..Orbital blowout fracture
..Orbital cellulitis
..Orbital tumors
..Thyrotoxicosis
-OTHER CAUSES
.. Eye surgery
@2003jun 04 kui
^DISORIENTATION
-OTHER CAUSES:
..Propafenone
^DIZZINESS
(Lightheadedness)
=A disturbance that involves a feeling of faintness in conjunction with the subjective sensation of movement in space. Dizziness often results from a diminished blood flow to the brain. Incidents are usually brief in duration, but can range in severity of their cause. Differentiate from vertigo.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Anemia
..Cardiac arrhythmias
..Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
..Emphysema
..Generalized anxiety disorder
..Hypertension
..Hyperventilation syndrome
..Orthostatic hypotension
..Panic disorder
..Postconcussion syndrome
..Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs
@2003jun04 kui
(Lightheadedness; Giddiness; 'Swimming in the Head')
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Fatigue and malnutrition
..Alcoholism
..Neurosis
..Motion Sickness (Sea Sickness; Air Sickness; Car Sickness)
..Essential Hypertension
..Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
..Neurocirculatory Asthenia (Effort Syndrome; Soldier's Heart)
..Effect of Ganglionic Blocking Drugs for Hypertension
..Hyperventilation Syndrome
^DOLL'S EYE REFLEX
(Oculocephalic reflex)
=Normally the eyes are kept focused on a target as the head is moved laterally. Absence of this reflex occurs when they eyes remain fixed in mid position upon movement of the head laterally. This indicates brain stem dysfunction, which accompanies coma or increased intracranial pressure.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Brain stem infarction
..Brain stem tumors
..Central midbrain infarction
..Cerebellar lesion
..Pontine hemorrhage
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs
@2003jun04 kui
^DWARFISM
(INFANTILISM)
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Rickets (Rachitis)
..Achondroplasia (Chondrodystrophy)
..Cretinism (Sporadic and Endemic)
..Dystrophia Adiposogenitalis (Frolich's Syndrome)
..Osteitis Deformans (Paget's Disease)
..Ovarian Agenesis and Dwarfism
..Pituitary Infantilism (Pituitary Dwarfism)
..Lorain-Levi Syndrome
..Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
..Cachectic Infantilism (Nutritional Infantilism)
..Cardiac Infantilism
..Renal Infantilism
..Mongolism
..Microcephaly
..Brissaud's Infantilism
..Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford Disease)
..Osteomalacia (Mollifies Ossium)
..Cleidocranial Dysostosis
^DYPAREUNIA
(vaginismus)
=A condition exclusive to women which causes sexual intercourse to be painful or difficult. Pain may result from structural abnormalities of the genitals, psychological reaction to sex or incomplete arousal. Mild dyspareunia is common in some sexually active women but persistent pain raises concern.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Atrophic vaginitis
..Bartholinitis
..Cervicitis
..Condylomata acuminata
..Cystitis
..Endometriosis
..Herpes genitalis
..Occlusive or rigid hymen
..Ovarian cyst or tumor
..Pelvic inflammatory disease
..Uterine prolapse
..Vaginitis
-OTHER CAUSES
..Contraceptive and hygienic products
..Diaphragms and intrauterine devices
..Episiotomy
..Pelvic irradiation
@2003jun04 kui
^DYSARTHRIA
=Difficult and poorly articulated speech that usually results from damage to a motor nerve controlling the muscles of speech.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
..Basilar artery insufficiency
..Botulism
..Brain stem cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
..Cerebral CVA
..Multiple sclerosis
..Myasthenia gravis
..Olivopontocerebellar degeneration
..Parkinson’s disease
..Poisoning
..Shy-Drager syndrome
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs
@2003jun04 kui
^DYSGEUSIA
=Taste abnormalities include either a distorted sense of taste, or a complete or partial loss of taste. Factors that interrupt transmission of tastes to the brain include vitamin and mineral deficiencies, infection, neurological and oral disorders, and aging.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Basilar skull fracture
..Bell's palsy
..Common cold
..Influenza
..Oral cancer
..Sjogren's syndrome
..Thalamic syndrome
..Acute viral hepatitis
..Vitamin B12 deficiency
..Zinc deficiency
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs
..Radiation therapy
@2003jul28 kui
^DYSMENORRHEA
(Painful Menstruation)
=Painful menstruation that is characterized by cramping, and pain in the lower abdomen. Symptoms subside as menstruation comes to an end. Often results from pelvic disorders or certain structural abnormalities such as an imperforate hymen.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Psychogenic Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Colic, Essential Dysmenorrhea)
..Salpingo-oophoritis
..Chocolate Cyst of the Ovary (Endometriosis)
..Membranous Dysmenorrhea (Exfoliative Endometritis)
..Cervical Polyp
..Submucous Fibroid of the Uterus
..Endocrine Imbalance
..Pelvic Peritonitis
..Adenomyosis
..Cervical stenosis
..Endometriosis
..Pelvic inflammatory disease
..Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
..Primary (idiopathic) dysmenorrhea
..Uterine leiomyomas
..Uterine prolapse
-OTHER CAUSES
..Intrauterine devices
@2003jun04 kui
^DYSPEPSIA
=The sensation of discomfort and fullness after meals that is often associated with heartburn, bloating and nausea. May be caused by GI, cardiac, pulmonary or renal disorders but is most often by eating spicy foods. Duration of symptoms ranges with severity, and can be relieved by antacids.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Cholelithiasis
..Cirrhosis
..Duodenal ulcer
..Gastric dilatation (acute)
..Gastric ulcer
..Gastritis (chronic)
..GI cancer
..Heart failure
..Hepatitis
..Pancreatitis (chronic)
..Pulmonary embolus
..Pulmonary tuberculosis
..Uremia
-OTHER CAUSES
..Drugs
..Surgery
@2003jun04 kui
^DYSPHAGIA
=Difficulty swallowing that can be caused by blockage or motor disorders. Dysphagia is particularly dangerous as it increases the chances of choking, aspiration, and malnutrition.
-MEDICAL CAUSES
..Psychoneurosis (Nervous Dyspepsia; Gastrointestinal Neurosis; Tension State; Chronic Nervous Exhaustion; Neurasthenia;
..Faulty Dietetics
..Chronic Cholecystitis (with or without Gallstones)
..Peptic Ulcer (Gastric and Duodenal)
..Infectious Diseases
..Allergy
..Metabolic Diseases and Electrolyte Disturbances
..Effect of Drugs and Chemicals
..Acute Gastritis
..Chronic Gastritis
..Carcinoma of the Stomach
..Esophageal Hiatal Hernia
..Chronic Appendicitis
..Uremia (Renal Insufficiency)
..Congestive Heart Failure
..Arteriosclerosis
..Angina Pectoris
..Pregnancy
..Chronic Pancreatitis (Including Pancreatic Lithiasis)
..Carcinoma of the Pancreas
..Constipation
..Acute Appendicitis
..Postgastrectomy Syndrome
..Chronic Alcoholism
..Pyloric Obstruction with Gastric Dilatation
..Chronic Intestinal Obstruction (Carcinoma of the Bowel; Strangulation; Stricture; Impacted Feces)
..Carcinoma of the Liver
..Cirrhosis of the Liver (Alcoholic)
..Infectious Hepatitis
..Nephrolithiasis (Renal Colic)
..Rheumatoid Arthritis (Arthritis Deformans; Atrophic Arthritis)
..Cerebral Vomiting
..Pernicious Anemia
..Tabes Dorsalis (Locomotor Ataxia)
..Achalasia
..Airway obstruction
..Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
..Botulism
..Bulbar paralysis
..Dysphagia lusoria
..Esophageal cancer
..Esophageal compression (external)
..Esophageal diverticulum
..Esophageal leiomyoma
..Esophageal obstruction by foreign body
..Esophageal spasm.
..Esophagitis
..Gastric carcinoma
..Hypocalcemia
..Laryngeal cancer (extrinsic)
..Laryngeal nerve damage
..Le